Abstract: A method for the production and/or processing of a web-shaped material, particularly paper, with at least one measuring system which records m measurement values yik per measurement position over at least a portion of the width s of the web-shaped material at n different measurement positions within a fixed time interval ?t. The method is characterized in that the method includes determining a rational quality number Q, the value of which for a quality of the web-shaped material that is considered acceptable lies within an acceptance range which is to be empirically determined for the production process and which has a lower limit U and an upper limit O, where U and O are in each case rational numbers.

Abstract: A heating device for a sensor element of a gas sensor, in particular for use in exhaust gas analysis of internal combustion engines, has a heating element, which has an electrical resistor layer. The heating element is electrically insulated from at least one solid electrolyte layer by a layer containing barium and/or strontium and/or calcium. For this purpose, the heating element is embedded in a first insulator, which is adjoined by a second insulator. The first insulator has a higher barium and/or strontium and/or calcium content (expressed in weight percentage) than the second insulator.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the voltage-controlled performance regulation of the heating of an exhaust-gas probe in the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine. The aim of the invention is to provide a method in which the operating temperature of the probe is achieved in the shortest possible time without damage to the probe. To achieve this, the heating voltage during the heating phase of the probe is rapidly brought up to a high temperature in a start phase in relation to a subsequent phase, or a dramatic leap in temperature is achieved, preferably up to the full operating voltage and the heating voltage is then continuously or quasi-continuously reduced.

Abstract: A sensor element is provided for gas sensors, in particular to determine particles in gas mixtures, the sensor element including at least one electrochemical measuring element exposed to the gas mixture to be determined, and at least one temperature-measuring element integrated into the sensor element. The temperature-measuring element includes a resistor track, which has an electric resistance of less than 180 Ohm at 0° C. The resistor track may thus be produced by thin-foil technology, such as screen printing, for example.

Abstract: A sensor element is provided for gas sensors, in particular to determine particles in gas mixtures, the sensor element including at least one electrochemical measuring element exposed to the gas mixture to be determined, and at least one temperature-measuring element integrated into the sensor element. The temperature-measuring element includes a resistor track, which has an electric resistance of less than 180 Ohm at 0° C. The resistor track may thus be produced by thin-foil technology, such as screen printing, for example.

Abstract: A sensor element for determining the oxygen concentration in an exhaust gas has a conductor track applied to a solid electrolyte, which includes an electrode provided in a measuring area of the sensor element and an electrode lead connected to the electrode and situated in the lead area of the sensor element. In a transition area between the measuring area and the lead area, the conductor track has a narrowing. Furthermore, the electrode includes a first electrode section and a second electrode section, the first electrode section being connected to the electrode lead in a transition area between the measuring area and the lead area, and the first and second electrode sections being electrically connected to one another only on their sides facing away from the lead area.

Abstract: A gas sensor for detecting at least one physical magnitude of a gas, in particular of exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine, is proposed, which includes a sensor element having an electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell includes a first solid electrolyte member on which a first electrode and a second electrode are applied. The first and the second electrode are electrically connected by means of the first solid electrolyte member. The first electrode is in contact with the gas. The area of the first electrode is smaller than the area of the second electrode.

Abstract: A layered sensor element used in a gas measuring sensor for measuring a physical property of a measuring gas, preferably for determining the temperature of the measuring gas or the concentration of a component of the measuring gas. The sensor element contains a wave-form heater, which is embedded in a porous heater insulation. At least one separating element having a lower porosity than the porous heater insulation is provided between two adjacent sections of the wave-form heater.

Abstract: The invention concerns a procedure for the voltage controlled output adjustment of a sensor heater in the exhaust gas system of an internal combustion engine. In order that such a procedure, whereby the operating temperature of the sensor is achieved in the shortest amount of time, can be implemented without the sensor being damaged in the process, provision is made according to the invention, that the heating voltage in a beginning phase of the heat-up phase of the heater is brought to a high value either very quickly in respect to a subsequent phase or precipitously brought to that high value, preferably the operating voltage; and subsequently the heating voltage is continuously or virtually continuously reduced.

Abstract: A ceramic laminate is provided which has at least one solid electrolyte layer, an electrical resistor track embedded in an insulation, and especially running in a meandering shape, and two electrical lead tracks to the resistor track. To reduce the danger of crack formation in the insulation, the resistor track is made up of a material having a greater specific Ohmic resistance compared to the material of the lead tracks and has as great a track width as possible at a low track thickness.

Abstract: A sensor element having a layer-type construction is used to determine a physical quantity of a measurement gas, in particular to determine the concentration of a gas component of the measurement gas. The sensor element includes at least one heater and at least one measurement element. The heater is surrounded by a heater insulation. Between the heater and the heater insulation there is provided, at least in some areas, a hollow element.

Abstract: A sensor element which is used for determining a property of a measuring gas, e.g., for determining the concentration of a gas component in the measuring gas, has at least one electrode applied to one solid electrolyte, the electrode being in contact with the measuring gas via a diffusion path in which a diffusion barrier is situated. A means is provided in the region of the side of the diffusion barrier facing away from the electrode, the means reducing the diffusion cross section in the region of the side of the diffusion barrier facing away from the electrode.

Abstract: A sensor element for determining the concentration of a gas component in a gas mixture, in particular for determining the concentration of oxygen in the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine, having a laminated body that is made up of a plurality of solid electrolyte layers and that has an upper and a lower layer that are each fashioned as a film, as well as an intermediate layer. In order to simplify the manufacture and to reduce the manufacturing costs, the films of the upper and lower layer are fashioned with equal thicknesses, and the intermediate layer is applied as at least one printed layer of a film binder.

Abstract: A heating device for a sensor element of a gas sensor, in particular for use in exhaust gas analysis of internal combustion engines, has a heating element, which has an electrical resistor layer. The heating element is electrically insulated from at least one solid electrolyte layer by a layer containing barium and/or strontium and/or calcium. For this purpose, the heating element is embedded in a first insulator, which is adjoined by a second insulator. The first insulator has a higher barium and/or strontium and/or calcium content (expressed in weight percentage) than the second insulator.

Abstract: A gas sensor is used for detecting a physical property of a measuring gas, preferably for determining the oxygen concentration of an exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine. The gas sensor includes a layered sensor element which has a measuring gas space, in which an electrode on a solid electrolyte is situated. The sensor element includes a first diffusion barrier and a second diffusion barrier and a cavity, situated between the first and the second diffusion barriers, the measuring gas space being connected to the measuring gas outside the sensor element via the first diffusion barrier, the cavity, and the second diffusion barrier.

Abstract: A layered sensor element used in particular for detecting a physical variable of a measuring gas, preferably for detecting the temperature of the measuring gas or the concentration of a gas component of the measuring gas. The sensor element contains a heater printed conductor situated in a layer plane of the sensor element, the heater printed conductor including a heater and a heater lead and being embedded in an insulation. In the layer plane of the heater printed conductor, the insulation is surrounded by a sealing frame at least in some areas. The extension of the sealing frame in the direction parallel to a layer plane of the sensor element and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the sensor element at least in some areas amounts to at least 25 percent, preferably 30 percent to 80 percent, of the extension of the sensor element in this direction.

Abstract: A layered sensor element used in a gas measuring sensor for measuring a physical property of a measuring gas, preferably for determining the temperature of the measuring gas or the concentration of a component of the measuring gas. The sensor element contains a wave-form heater, which is embedded in a porous heater insulation. At least one separating element having a lower porosity than the porous heater insulation is provided between two adjacent sections of the wave-form heater.

Abstract: A gas sensor for detecting at least one physical magnitude of a gas, in particular of exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine, is proposed, which includes a sensor element having an electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell includes a first solid electrolyte member on which a first electrode and a second electrode are applied. The first and the second electrode are electrically connected by means of the first solid electrolyte member. The first electrode is in contact with the gas. The area of the first electrode is smaller than the area of the second electrode.