Abstract: Systems, apparatus, articles of manufacture, and methods to cool hotspots in integrated circuit packages are disclosed. An example apparatus includes a heat generating component associated with a first location in a semiconductor die and a heatsink assembly at a second location in the semiconductor die. The first location is spaced apart from the second location. The example apparatus including a thermally conductive material to thermally couple the heat generating component and the heatsink assembly.

Abstract: Disclosed is a TDR measuring apparatus for determining the dielectric constant and material properties derived therefrom of a medium flowing through a pipeline. The apparatus includes signal generation electronics which generate TDR measurement signals, transmitting and receiving electronics, a coupling-in/coupling-out apparatus which couples the TDR measurement signals into and out of an electrically conductive measuring probe of a predefined length, and control/evaluation electronics which use the propagation time of the TDR measurement signals to determine the dielectric constant. The measuring probe is arranged in an electrically insulated manner outside of the pipeline.

Abstract: Disclosed is a TDR measuring apparatus for determining the dielectric constant and material properties derived therefrom of a medium flowing through a pipeline. The apparatus includes signal generation electronics which generate TDR measurement signals, transmitting and receiving electronics, a coupling-in/coupling-out apparatus which couples the TDR measurement signals into and out of an electrically conductive measuring probe of a predefined length, and control/evaluation electronics which use the propagation time of the TDR measurement signals to determine the dielectric constant. The measuring probe is arranged in an electrically insulated manner outside of the pipeline.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for operating a fuel cell system with fuel cells (2) arranged in a stack (1). It also concerns the fuel cell system itself. In the method of the invention and the fuel cell system of the invention, a fuel gas is partially converted to hydrogen in first reforming units (4) that are in thermal contact with the fuel cells (2) in an endothermic reaction with absorption of heat from the fuel cells (2). This reformed fuel gas is supplied to the anodes of the fuel cells (2).

Abstract: A fuel cell arrangement (10) and its operation are described. This fuel cell arrangement (10) comprises one or more fuel cells (1) to which a combustible gas or a cathode gas is fed and which supply an electric power Pext to an external consuming device (2). One or more internal electrical consuming devices (3) can optionally be switched on and off by means of a control device (5) as a function of the operating condition of the fuel cell arrangement (10). Excessive heat is removed from the fuel cell arrangement by means of a cooling device (4). According to the invention, a portion of the electric power PBZ generated by the fuel cells (1) is converted at the internal electrical consuming devices (3) during the operation of the fuel cell arrangement (10).

Abstract: A method is described for providing standby gas for a fuel cell arrangement, and the corresponding fuel cell arrangement itself is described. According to the invention, it is provided that a combustible gas is mixed with air or another oxygen-containing gas to form a first mixture and is guided through a first catalyst device (7, 8), the standby gas being obtained while converting the oxygen fraction of the first gas mixture to carbon dioxide and water vapor and while converting constituents of water vapor and higher hydrocarbons contained in the gas mixture to methane and hydrogen. The combustible gas is preferably mixed with air or another oxygen-containing gas to form a first mixture (5) and is guided at a defined first temperature through a first catalyst (7), a second gas mixture being obtained while converting the oxygen fraction of the first gas mixture to carbon dioxide and water vapor.