Abstract: One or more example embodiments of the present invention relates to a radiofrequency source for a linear accelerator system, to the linear accelerator system, to a method for operating a radiofrequency source, and to an associated computer program product.

Abstract: A method is for closed-loop control of an X-ray pulse chain generated via a linear accelerator system. In an embodiment, the method includes modulating a first electron beam within a first radio-frequency pulse duration, wherein the first multiple amplitude X-ray pulse is produced on modulating the first electron beam; measuring time-resolved actual values of the first multiple amplitude X-ray pulse; adjusting at least one pulse parameter as a function of a comparison of the specified multiple amplitude X-ray pulse profile and the measured time-resolved actual values; and modulating a second electron beam within a second radio-frequency pulse duration as a function of the at least one adjusted pulse parameter for production of the second multiple amplitude X-ray pulse, so the X-ray pulse chain is controlled.

Abstract: A target is for generating X-ray radiation by way of loading with a particle stream containing charged particles. In an embodiment, the target includes a layer structure including at least two metallic layers. A target surface, loadable by the particle stream, is formed by a first layer of the at least two metallic layers of the layer structure including a material including a first metallic element. A second layer of the at least two metallic layers of the layer structure includes a material including a second metallic element. Finally, an ordinal number of the first metallic element is less than an ordinal number of the second metallic element.

Abstract: An x-ray device is for creation of high-energy x-ray radiation. In an embodiment, the x-ray device includes a linear accelerator. The linear accelerator, for creation of x-ray radiation, is embodied so as to create an electron beam directed onto a target, of which the kinetic energy per electron amounts to at least 1 MeV. In an embodiment, the x-ray device further includes a beam limiting device, arranged in the beam path of the electron beam between linear accelerator and the target, including an edge region surrounding a beam limiting device opening. A material thickness of the edge region, in a propagation direction of the accelerated electron beam emerging from the linear accelerator, amounting to less than 10% of the average reach of electrons of the created kinetic energy in the material of the edge region.

Abstract: A high-voltage generator provides a high-voltage pulse including a plurality of energy storage cells, each including two input and two output terminals and a capacitor. A controllable switching element is connected to the input terminals and plus terminals and minus terminals are electrically connected to one another via a respective diode. The high-voltage generator further includes a series connection comprising the energy storage cells, a pulse transformer, and a charging terminal for charging the capacitors. In an embodiment, the high-voltage generator is developed so that a greater pulse rate can be achieved. In an embodiment, at least a respective one of the energy storage cells includes an electrical resistance, connected in series with the diode connecting the plus terminals of the respective energy storage cell.

Abstract: An x-ray device is for creation of high-energy x-ray radiation. In an embodiment, the x-ray device includes a linear accelerator. The linear accelerator, for creation of x-ray radiation, is embodied so as to create an electron beam directed onto a target, of which the kinetic energy per electron amounts to at least 1 MeV. In an embodiment, the x-ray device further includes a beam limiting device, arranged in the beam path of the electron beam between linear accelerator and the target, including an edge region surrounding a beam limiting device opening. A material thickness of the edge region, in a propagation direction of the accelerated electron beam emerging from the linear accelerator, amounting to less than 10% of the average reach of electrons of the created kinetic energy in the material of the edge region.

Abstract: A method for operating an arrangement of equipment that include a pulse generator for generating electrical pulses, a microwave generator with a break-through voltage, and a transmission element is provided. For transmission of the pulses, the pulse generator is connected to the microwave generator via the transmission element, which in the arrangement of equipment, acts as an impedance varying over time. The voltage characteristic over time or the current characteristic over time of each pulse is defined such that in an operating mode, the impedance of the transmission element is matched to the impedance of the microwave generator when the break-through voltage is reached.

Abstract: A technique including receiving a search query; identifying a first original query term based on the query; identifying a first expanded query term related to the first original query term; determining a first lexical distance between the first original query term and the first expanded query term; determining a first weight for the first expanded query term based on the determined first lexical distance; identifying a plurality of documents, from among a corpus of documents, as each relevant to the search query, the plurality of documents including a first document identified based on its inclusion of the first expanded query term; ranking the plurality of documents, with the ranking of the first document being based upon the calculated first weight; and generating a response to the search query identifying two or more of the plurality of documents, ordered according to the ranking.

Abstract: A technique including receiving a search query; identifying a first original query term based on the query; identifying a first expanded query term related to the first original query term; determining a first lexical distance between the first original query term and the first expanded query term; determining a first weight for the first expanded query term based on the determined first lexical distance; identifying a plurality of documents, from among a corpus of documents, as each relevant to the search query, the plurality of documents including a first document identified based on its inclusion of the first expanded query term; ranking the plurality of documents, with the ranking of the first document being based upon the calculated first weight; and generating a response to the search query identifying two or more of the plurality of documents, ordered according to the ranking.

Abstract: A radiation unit for generating bremsstrahlung includes an electron accelerator producing the bremsstrahlung, a supply unit disposed in a main unit, and at least one supply line connecting the supply unit and the electron accelerator. The at least one supply line is a waveguide. The at least one supply line has a first longitudinal section running from the supply unit to a terminal disposed on the main unit. The electron accelerator is disposed outside the main unit and is connected to the terminal via a second longitudinal section of the at least one supply line.

Abstract: A method for operating an arrangement of equipment that include a pulse generator for generating electrical pulses, a microwave generator with a break-through voltage, and a transmission element is provided. For transmission of the pulses, the pulse generator is connected to the microwave generator via the transmission element, which in the arrangement of equipment, acts as an impedance varying over time. The voltage characteristic over time or the current characteristic over time of each pulse is defined such that in an operating mode, the impedance of the transmission element is matched to the impedance of the microwave generator when the break-through voltage is reached.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods are described for incrementally adding items received from an input stream to a cluster hierarchy. An item, such as a document, may be added to a cluster hierarchy by analyzing both the item and its relationship to the existing cluster hierarchy. In response to this analysis, a cluster hierarchy may be adjusted to provide an improved organization of its data, including the newly added item.

Abstract: Method and device for simultaneous in-situ determination of particle size and mass concentration of fluid-borne particles, wherein the device includes a sensor unit comprising a sending unit and a receiver, a laser coupled to the sensor unit, a detector coupled to the sensor unit, and a microprocessor coupled to the sensor unit, wherein the sensor unit is at least one of adjustable in cross section and variable in diameter and wherein the sensor unit is arranged to one of protrude into the fluid-borne particles and wrap around the fluid-borne particles. The method includes placing the sensor unit adjacent a pipe having a gas flow and simultaneously determining a particle size and a mass concentration of the fluid-borne particles in the gas flow.

Abstract: A charging apparatus for handling stations for sheet-like, flexible articles, in particular envelopes, particularly for mail-processing machines, the drive in a feed-channel for stacks of articles standing on edge being controlled in dependence on a detector output signal produced by a light barrier, which responds to the formation of a gap and runs transversely to the conveying direction with the gap forming in the region of a transition between the feed channel and a discharge channel.

Abstract: In the case of a charging apparatus for handling stations for sheet-like, flexible articles, in particular envelopes, particularly for mail-processing machines, the drive in a feed channel for stacks of articles standing on edge is controlled in dependence on a detector output signal produced by means of a light barrier, which responds to the formation of a gap, running transversely to the conveying direction, in the stack of conveyed articles, said gap forming in the region of a transition, formed as a rib or sill, of the feed channel to an obliquely upwardly running discharge channel for the articles which are to be handled.