Abstract: In a method for producing a solar cell, a layer stack of dielectric layers is applied to a back of a solar cell substrate and the layer stack is heated and is held at temperatures of at least 700° C. during a time period of at least 5 minutes. The novel solar cell has a layer stack of dielectric layers on its back. At least one of the dielectric layers of the layer stack is densified so that its resistivity to firing-through of pastes with glass components is enhanced.

Abstract: In a method for producing a solar cell, a layer stack of dielectric layers is applied to a back of a solar cell substrate and the layer stack is heated and is held at temperatures of at least 700° C. during a time period of at least 5 minutes. The novel solar cell has a layer stack of dielectric layers on its back. At least one of the dielectric layers of the layer stack is densified so that its resistivity to firing-through of pastes with glass components is enhanced.

Abstract: In a method for producing a solar cell, a layer stack of dielectric layers is applied to a back of a solar cell substrate and the layer stack is heated and is held at temperatures of at least 700° C. during a time period of at least 5 minutes. The novel solar cell has a layer stack of dielectric layers on its back. At least one of the dielectric layers of the layer stack is densified so that its resistivity to firing-through of pastes with glass components is enhanced.

Abstract: A vibration-type measuring device includes an exciter arrangement which exerts a time-dependent force with at least one sinusoidal component at an adjustable excitation frequency on a measuring tube, through which a medium can flow, and causes the measuring tube to oscillate. The measuring device includes first and second sensors which are fitted to the measuring tube at different locations. The first and second sensors output first and second measurement signals, respectively. The measuring device includes an evaluation unit which determines a first phase shift between the first and second measurement signals and uses the determined phase shift to determine a measurement variable of the medium. The measuring device includes a phase comparator, which determines a second phase shift between the force and the average value of the first and second measurement signals, and a frequency generator which sets the excitation frequency on the basis of the second phase shift.

Abstract: A method for doping a semiconductor substrate includes heating the semiconductor substrate by irradiation with laser radiation and at the same time diffusing dopant from a dopant source into the semiconductor substrate in heated regions. The semiconductor substrate is heated by the irradiation with laser radiation. A surface portion of the semiconductor substrate that is less than 10% of the total surface of all irradiated regions is melted and recrystallized. There is also provided a solar cell.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for operating a sensor arrangement having at least one measuring sensor and at least one reference sensor for recording the same physical variable, and having an analysis unit electrically connected thereto, with a characteristic of the sensor arrangement being recorded in an initialization phase from measured values of the at least one measuring sensor and of the at least one reference sensor, and an alarm being given during continuous operation if the deviation from the characteristic lies outside a tolerance band. It is proposed to suspend the alarm dynamically so long as the changes in the measured value in the variation over time of the at least one measuring sensor or in the variation over time of the at least one reference sensor differ by more than a definable limit within a definable time interval.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a solar cell via a two-stage doping includes the steps of forming an oxide layer, which can be penetrated by a first dopant, on at least one part of the surface of a solar cell substrate, forming an opening in the oxide layer in at least one high-doping region by removing the oxide layer in this high-doping region and diffusing the first dopant into the at least one high-doping region of the solar cell substrate through the opening. The first dopant is diffused into the solar cell substrate through the oxide layer. The diffusing-in through the openings and through the oxide layer takes place at the same time in a common diffusion step and the solar cell substrate is diffused in the common diffusion step in an at least partially hydrophilic state.

Abstract: Method for producing solar cells with a two-stage doping (9, 11) comprising the method steps of heavy doping (50) of at least a part of the solar cell substrate (1), of at least temporarily protecting doped areas (8), in which heavily doped areas (9) of the two-stage doping (9, 11) should be formed, from an etching medium and etching back (54; 62, 64; 72, 74) unprotected doped areas (17) of the solar cell substrate (1) by means of the etching medium, whereby, for the purpose of protecting the doped areas, sacrificial structures (7) are applied (52) on the areas (8) to be protected, which are at least partly etched (54; 62, 64; 72, 74) during etching back (54; 62, 64; 72, 74) of the unprotected doped areas.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a Coriolis mass flowmeter with an oscillatable straight measuring tube consisting of a corrosion-resistant metal, in particular of titanium or a titanium alloy, to which are attached mounted parts connected directly to the measuring tube for the implementation of the Coriolis measurement principle. Furthermore, stabilizing elements running parallel to the measuring tube are coupled to the measuring tube via mounted parts connected directly to the measuring tube, the mounted parts and the stabilizing elements consisting of a metal other than that of the measuring tube. The stabilizing elements are manufactured from a second material which possesses a coefficient of thermal expansion adapted to the metal of the measuring tube. The mounted parts connected directly to the measuring tube are manufactured from a third material which possesses a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than the metal of the measuring tube.

Abstract: A measuring instrument to capture a physical/chemical measured value, including a sensor unit, which is linked via a contactless interface to a transmitter unit, for passing on to a central analysis unit, wherein the sensor unit includes an at least partly internal sensor element which vibrates against a sensor housing because of operation, and which is linked, contactlessly and inside the sensor unit, for sensor signal transmission, via a first transmission/reception unit, to a complementary second transmission/reception unit, which is arranged at a fixed location relative to the sensor housing, and which is also linked, contactlessly and outside the sensor unit, to a third transmission/reception unit of the transmitter unit.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing a connection between a measuring tube and at least one flange, e.g., in the case of a Coriolis mass flowmeter. In order to ensure reliable connection of the components in this case, the measuring tube can be inserted at one end over a portion through a flange bore, such that it projects out of the bore on the other side, and that the projecting end be flared out over the sealing face of the flange.

Abstract: A method for compensation for influences, which interfere with the measurement accuracy, in measurement devices of the vibration type, comprising a measurement tube through which a fluid medium can flow and which is caused to oscillate mechanically, acting as an oscillation body, by an excitation unit, whose oscillation behavior, which changes as a function of the flowrate and/or the viscosity and/or the density of the fluid medium, is detected by at least one oscillation sensor in order to determine the flowrate, wherein the material strain in the measurement tube is detected by means of at least one sensor, from which an indicator value for the influence causing the material strain is calculated in order to correct the measurement signal, by signal processing, from the indicator value obtained in this way.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for operating a measurement device of the vibration type in which at least one exciter arrangement excites the system to vibration and from the vibration parameters, a measurement quantity of a measurement medium in a tube system is determined. A time-dependent force f(t)=F sin(?t)+g(t) with at least one sinusoidal component with an adjustable frequency ? can be used which acts on at least one vibration-capable part of the measurement device of the vibration type. A response signal of the vibration-capable part, (e.g., its time dependent velocity v(t)=V sin(?t+?)+h(t)) can be measured, and a phase shift ? between the response signal and the force f of a signal component which oscillates with a frequency ? is determined. The phase shift ? can be used as the input for a frequency controller so that the excitation frequency is automatically adjusted as a function of ?.

Abstract: A method for operation of a vibratory measurement instrument comprises flowing a fluid through at least one measurement tube; causing the measuring tube to oscillate mechanically using an oscillation production unit; detecting an oscillation behavior of the tube using at least one oscillation sensor; determining at least one of a mass flow, a viscosity, and a density in a narrowband frequency range based on the oscillation behavior; evaluating at least one of the mass flow, the viscosity, and the density using signal processing of an electronics unit; and evaluating the oscillation behavior at least at times in a broadband frequency range using the electronics unit.

Abstract: A vibration-type measuring device includes an exciter arrangement which exerts a time-dependent force with at least one sinusoidal component at an adjustable excitation frequency on a measuring tube, through which a medium can flow, and causes the measuring tube to oscillate. The measuring device includes first and second sensors which are fitted to the measuring tube at different locations. The first and second sensors output first and second measurement signals, respectively. The measuring device includes an evaluation unit which determines a first phase shift between the first and second measurement signals and uses the determined phase shift to determine a measurement variable of the medium. The measuring device includes a phase comparator, which determines a second phase shift between the force and the average value of the first and second measurement signals, and a frequency generator which sets the excitation frequency on the basis of the second phase shift.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for determining a characteristic of a sensor arrangement having at least one measuring sensor and at least one reference sensor for recording the same physical variable, and having an analysis unit electrically connected thereto. The characteristic is determined from measured values of the at least one measuring sensor and of the at least one reference sensor. It is proposed to record a characteristic point during continuous measurement operation, starting with the first time the sensor arrangement is put into operation, when a definable measurement point is reached in a process for the first time, if the changes in measured value in the variation over time of the at least one measuring sensor and in the variation over time of the at least one reference sensor remain within a definable tolerance band within a definable time interval.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a vibration-type measuring device for measuring at least one process variable, in particular a mass flow rate, a density, a viscosity, a pressure or the like, in particular in a process line through which a medium can flow, which device comprises at least one measurement sensor which provides a measurement signal that can be influenced by the process variable, the measured value determined for the process variable by the measuring device being able to be determined from a functional relationship in conjunction with measurement parameters from the measurement signal, and the measurement parameters having a temperature-dependent cross-sensitivity with respect to the temperature distribution in the measuring device.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a Coriolis mass flowmeter with an oscillatable straight measuring tube consisting of a corrosion-resistant metal, in particular of titanium or a titanium alloy, to which are attached mounted parts connected directly to the measuring tube for the implementation of the Coriolis measurement principle. Furthermore, stabilizing elements running parallel to the measuring tube are coupled to the measuring tube via mounted parts connected directly to the measuring tube, the mounted parts and the stabilizing elements consisting of a metal other than that of the measuring tube. The stabilizing elements are manufactured from a second material which possesses a coefficient of thermal expansion adapted to the metal of the measuring tube. The mounted parts connected directly to the measuring tube are manufactured from a third material which possesses a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than the metal of the measuring tube.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for fixing an attachment part on the measurement tube of a Coriolis mass flowmeter at at least two connection points. According to the disclosure, the measurement tube and the attachment part are soldered to one another in a single hard-soldering process at the same time at the at least two connection points.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for operating a measurement device of the vibration type in which at least one exciter arrangement excites the system to vibration and from the vibration parameters, a measurement quantity of a measurement medium in a tube system is determined. A time-dependent force f(t)=F sin(?t)+g(t) with at least one sinusoidal component with an adjustable frequency ? can be used which acts on at least one vibration-capable part of the measurement device of the vibration type. A response signal of the vibration-capable part, (e.g., its time dependent velocity v(t)=V sin(?t+?)+h(t)) can be measured, and a phase shift ? between the response signal and the force f of a signal component which oscillates with a frequency ? is determined. The phase shift ? can be used as the input for a frequency controller so that the excitation frequency is automatically adjusted as a function of ?.