Abstract: A system and method is disclosed that reliably determines the transmissivity of a substrate. By determining the transmissivity of a calibration substrate, for instance, a temperature measuring device can be calibrated. The method and system are particularly well suited for use in thermal processing chambers that process semiconductor wafers used for forming integrated circuit chips.

Abstract: A control loop, which is for regulating a process in a plant having a controlled system, comprises: at least one measuring device for recording observation values of the controlled system, at least one adjustment device for acting on the controlled system in response to the adjustment device being controlled by way of action values, and a regulator. The regulator is operative to provide the action values. The regulator being operative to provide the action values comprises the regulator being adapted for: predicting, by way of a process model and at least one probability distribution of the observation values, a set of distributions of probable future states of the system; evaluating the set of distributions of probable future states of the system using target values and/or distributions of the target values; and selecting at least one probability distribution of action values.

Abstract: It is disclosed a method for strengthen the grain boundaries of an article (1) made from a Ni based superalloy while the article (1) is in the solid state and containing at least one grain boundary. A surface diffusion process is applied to the article (1) to enrich the at least one grain boundary with grain boundary strengthening elements of one or a combination of boron, hafnium, zirconium without forming brittle precipitates like borides or carbides.

Abstract: It is disclosed a method for strengthen the grain boundaries of an article (1) made from a Ni based superalloy while the article (1) is in the solid state and containing at least one grain boundary. A surface diffusion process is applied to the article (1) to enrich the at least one grain boundary with grain boundary strengthening elements of one or a combination of boron, hafnium, zirconium without forming brittle precipitates like borides or carbides.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and device for continuously treating synthetic fibers in a heat exchange chamber, in which the fiber to be treated comes into direct contact with the heat exchange medium. A sealing device, which is subjected to the action of a sealing medium, which is provided at the fiber exit opening and at the fiber entry opening with a supply line for the sealing medium, which is arranged in the proximity of the fiber exit opening or the fiber entry opening. The sealing medium is kept away from the fiber passing through the heat exchange chamber. This is achieved by removing the sealing medium before the heat exchange chamber or also by removing the heat exchange medium together with the sealing medium. A removal line for the sealing medium is arranged in the proximity of the heat exchange chamber. In addition, the heat exchanger is provided in a separable manner so that the fiber can inserted by removing one part.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an electrical socket contact (1) with a base part (2) and two contact spring arms (7) integrated on the base part. The socket contact also has a guide rail (8) which is integrated on the base part in an offset position in relation to the spring arms (7) and which on the introduction of a contact pin of a complementary plug guides and centres the said contact pin.

Abstract: An electrical plug connector is described, which has a U-shaped locking clip (30), two mutually parallel running limbs (32, 33) and a base (31) running essentially at right angles to them, a connector housing (1) having two pins (21, 22) which are integrally formed on a pivoting shaft (20) on the opposite side surfaces (18, 19) of the connector housing, pointing outwards, and on which the free ends (36, 37) of the limbs (32, 33) are hinged, and comprises a mating connector housing (2) having an apron (4), in which the clip (30) and the mating connector housing (2) have complimentary engagement elements (39, 12) for inserting the connector housing (1) into the mating connector housing (2).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a plug connector (1) having a housing (2, 3) with a secondary interlock (4), the housing (2, 3) having at least one longitudinal channel (5) for holding a contact, and the secondary interlock (4) being arranged on the housing (2, 3) such that it can be displaced transversely with respect to the channel axis in order to fix contacts in its channels. The housing is composed of two parts (2, 3) which are attached to one another in the region of the secondary interlock (4) and leave a space free between them in which the secondary interlock (4) can be displaced and can be inserted from above during assembly.

Abstract: An electrical spring contact having an inner spring contact with an inner spring base and inner spring arms. A box-shaped outer spring with an outer spring base and outer spring arms is connected to the inner spring base of the inner spring. The outer spring arms are bent inwardly in a funnel-shaped way at the plug-in end, and the inner spring and the outer spring are formed by molded sheet metal parts. The outer spring has a bending slot extending across its total length, and the spring contact is insertable in a chamber of a receiving casing and arrestable in the latter by holding members. The lateral surfaces of the outer spring extending between the two outer spring arms are provided with recesses bordered by support surfaces. The support surfaces are axially supported by holding members projecting into the chamber of a receiving case.