Abstract: A test kit that is configured for bioanalysis, such as an immunoassay, is provided. The test kit includes at least one measuring sensor for quantitative detection of a substance, and at least one reference sensor that is already supplied with the substance in a defined manner. In a method for analyzing a test kit, the at least one measuring sensor is read, and a measurement value for a concentration, a substance quantity, or a mass is obtained. A read value of the at least one measuring sensor is scaled using read values of the at least one reference sensor, or a measured value that corresponds to the read value is obtained using a compensation curve that puts the read values of the at least one reference sensor into relationship with the defined supply of the substance to the at least one reference sensor.

Abstract: A test kit that is configured for bioanalysis, such as an immunoassay, is provided. The test kit includes at least one measuring sensor for quantitative detection of a substance, and at least one reference sensor that is already supplied with the substance in a defined manner. In a method for analyzing a test kit, the at least one measuring sensor is read, and a measurement value for a concentration, a substance quantity, or a mass is obtained. A read value of the at least one measuring sensor is scaled using read values of the at least one reference sensor, or a measured value that corresponds to the read value is obtained using a compensation curve that puts the read values of the at least one reference sensor into relationship with the defined supply of the substance to the at least one reference sensor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a test kit which is designed for bioanalysis, in particular for an immunoassay. The test kit comprises at least one measuring sensor (M) for the quantitative detection of a substance and at least one reference sensor (R1, R2, R3) which is already supplied with the substance in a defined manner. In the method for analyzing a test kit, the measuring sensor (M) is read and a measurement value for a concentration, a substance quantity, or a mass is obtained, wherein the read value of the at least one measuring sensor (M) is scaled using the read values of the at least one reference sensor (R1, R2, R3), or a measured value which corresponds to the read value is obtained by means of a compensation curve which puts the read values of the reference sensors (R1, R2, R3) into relationship with the defined supply of the substance to the reference sensors (R1, R2, R3).

Abstract: The invention relates to a test kit which is designed for bioanalysis, in particular for an immunoassay. The test kit comprises at least one measuring sensor (M) for the quantitative detection of a substance and at least one reference sensor (R1, R2, R3) which is already supplied with the substance in a defined manner. In the method for analyzing a test kit, the measuring sensor (M) is read and a measurement value for a concentration, a substance quantity, or a mass is obtained, wherein the read value of the at least one measuring sensor (M) is scaled using the read values of the at least one reference sensor (R1, R2, R3), or a measured value which corresponds to the read value is obtained by means of a compensation curve which puts the read values of the reference sensors (R1, R2, R3) into relationship with the defined supply of the substance to the reference sensors (R1, R2, R3).

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrode for a plasma generator for generating plasmas at atmospheric pressure or near-atmospheric pressures by means of excitation using microwaves. The invention provides an electrode made of a sheet metal strip (1), in the longitudinal direction of which at least one slot (2) is introduced at a length that is one time or multiple times that of a quarter of the wavelength of the open-circuit voltage of the microwave such that at least two partial electrodes (3) are formed, wherein the voltage supply line is provided on the partial electrodes (3) in the region of the closed slot end or ends.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrode for a plasma generator for generating plasmas at atmospheric pressure or near-atmospheric pressures by means of excitation using microwaves. The invention provides an electrode made of a sheet metal strip (1), in the longitudinal direction of which at least one slot (2) is introduced at a length that is one time or multiple times that of a quarter of the wavelength of the open-circuit voltage of the microwave such that at least two partial electrodes (3) are formed, wherein the voltage supply line is provided on the partial electrodes (3) in the region of the closed slot end or ends.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for transmitting information symbols using a plurality of carriers, wherein a first transmission symbol is produced (52, 54) on the basis of an information symbol. A second transmission symbol is also produced (52, 54) on the basis of the same information symbol, wherein the second transmission symbol differs from the first transmission symbol. The first and second transmission symbols are modulated (56) on a carrier and transmitted (62) at different intervals. The invention further relates to a method and a device for receiving information symbols represented by the first and second information symbols, wherein both transmission symbols received are used in order to extract the information symbol contained in both transmission symbols.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus relating to a fine frequency synchronization compensating for a carrier frequency deviation from an oscillator frequency in a multi-carrier demodulation system of the type capable of carrying out a differential phase decoding of multi-carrier modulated signals, the signals comprising a plurality of symbols, each symbol being defined by phase differences between simultaneous carriers having different frequencies. A phase difference between phases of the same carrier in different symbols is determined. Thereafter, a frequency offset is determined by eliminating phase shift uncertainties related to the transmitted information from the phase difference making use of a M-PSK decision device. Finally, a feedback correction of the carrier frequency deviation is performed based on the determined frequency offset. Alternatively, an averaged frequency offset can be determined by averaging determined frequency offsets of a plurality of carriers.

Abstract: A method and apparatus provide coarse frequency synchronization compensating for a carrier frequency deviation from an oscillator frequency in a demodulation system capable of demodulating a signal having a frame structure with at least one useful symbol and a reference symbol which is an amplitude-modulated sequence. A received and down-converted signal undergoes amplitude-demodulation to generate an envelope that is correlated with a predetermined reference pattern to determine the carrier frequency deviation. Finally, the oscillator frequency is controlled based on the carrier frequency deviation. The reference symbol may comprise two identical sequences. In this case, the envelope obtained by the amplitude-demodulation has two portions which are based on the identical sequences. One of the portions of the envelope is correlated with the other one of the portions in order to determine the carrier frequency deviation.

Abstract: A method for generating a signal having a frame structure, each frame of the frame structure comprising at least one useful symbol, a guard interval associated to the at least one useful symbol and a reference symbol, comprises the steps of performing an amplitude modulation of a bit sequence such that the envelope of the amplitude modulated bit sequence defines a reference pattern of the reference symbol and inserting the amplitude modulated bit sequence into said signal as said reference symbol. A method for frame synchronization of a signal having such a frame structure comprises the steps of receiving the signal, down-converting the received signal, performing an amplitude-demodulation of the down-converted signal in order to generate an envelope, correlating the envelope with a predetermined reference pattern in order to detect a signal reference pattern of the reference symbol in the signal, and performing the frame synchronization based on the detection of the signal reference pattern.

Abstract: A method of performing an echo phase offset correction in a multi-carrier demodulation system involves the step of differential phase decoding phase shifts based on a phase difference between simultaneous carriers having different frequencies. An echo phase offset is determined for each decoded phase shift by eliminating phase shift uncertainties related to the transmitted information from the decoded phase shift. The echo phase offsets are averaged in order to generate an averaged offset. Finally, each decoded phase shift is corrected based on the averaged offset.