Abstract: Described herein are luminescent sila- and germafluorenes. Also described herein are methods of making and using sila- and germafluorenes. The position and the type of substituent impact the absorption and emission properties in solution and in the solid-state and subsequently influence the role of sila- and germafluorenes as biosensors.

Abstract: A contactless electromagnetic sensor device for determining displacements of a rotor (120) is disclosed. Two sensing coils (612, 614) interact with surfaces of the rotor. A bridge circuit is formed by the sensing coils and by two secondary windings (212, 213) of an input transformer (210). The primary winding of the input transformer receives an excitation signal. An output signal is obtained at an output tap formed by a common node between the sensing coils (612, 614) and a common node between the secondary windings of the input transformer. In this manner excitation and detection are separated. If cables are used for connecting the bridge circuit to signal processing circuitry, the input and output impedances of the bridge circuit can be matched to the characteristic impedance of the cables. An output transformer can be connected to the output tap. The roles of the input and output transformers can be interchanged.

Abstract: A contactless electromagnetic sensor device for determining displacements of a rotor (120) is disclosed. Two sensing coils (612, 614) interact with surfaces of the rotor. A bridge circuit is formed by the sensing coils and by two secondary windings (212, 213) of an input transformer (210). The primary winding of the input transformer receives an excitation signal. An output signal is obtained at an output tap formed by a common node between the sensing coils (612, 614) and a common node between the secondary windings of the input transformer. In this manner excitation and detection are separated. If cables are used for connecting the bridge circuit to signal processing circuitry, the input and output impedances of the bridge circuit can be matched to the characteristic impedance of the cables. An output transformer can be connected to the output tap. The roles of the input and output transformers can be interchanged.

Abstract: Process and device for controlling and monitoring of a traffic control system which has actuators and monitoring elements and by means of which at least two traffic tracks for railborne vehicles can be controlled by a control process which, upon request for allocation of a route, blocks all the actuators belonging to this route against other requests to create additional routes and control operations and carries out the request. To that effect, each of the changes in the positions or conditions of the actuators to be carried out by the control process, takes place only after successful testing for permissibility by a test process which is independent of the control process and which, in each case, tests whether the actuators and/or monitoring elements to be blocked or to be actuated for the allocation or release of the route already are in use and, thus, have been blocked.