Abstract: A method for making a perovskite layer includes providing a substrate; providing a perovskite solution comprising first and second polar, protic solvents each having a boiling point less than 135 degrees Celsius, an inorganic perovskite precursor, and an organic perovskite precursor, wherein the first solvent is an alcohol-based glycol ether capable of dissolving the inorganic Perovskite precursor material, the second solvent is an aliphatic alcohol, and the perovskite solution has a total initial amount of solvent greater than 30 percent by weight and a total solids concentration that is between 30 percent and 70 percent by weight of the Perovskite solution's saturation concentration: depositing the perovskite solution at a temperature of from 20 to 40 degrees Celsius on the substrate at a first location; removing a first portion of the initial amount of solvent from the deposited perovskite solution with a first drying step having a first drying step dwell time at a second location wherein the temperature o

Abstract: A method of making a perovskite layer includes providing a flexible substrate; providing a perovskite solution comprising an initial amount of solvent and perovskite precursor materials and a total solids concentration between 30 percent and 70 percent by weight of its saturation concentration; depositing the perovskite solution on the substrate; removing a first portion of the solvent from the deposited perovskite solution and increasing the total solids concentration of the perovskite solution to at least 75 percent of its saturation concentration with a first drying step; and removing a second portion of the solvent from the deposited perovskite solution with a second drying step having a higher rate of solvent evaporation that causes saturation and a conversion reaction in the deposited perovskite solution resulting in perovskite crystal formation or formation of a perovskite intermediate phase, wherein the first drying step dwell time is at least 5 times longer than the second drying step dwell time.

Abstract: A continuous inline method for production of photovoltaic devices at high speed includes: providing a substrate; depositing a first carrier transport solution layer with a first carrier transport deposition device to form a first carrier transport layer on the substrate; depositing a Perovskite solution comprising solvent and perovskite precursor materials with a Perovskite solution deposition device on the first carrier transport layer; drying the deposited Perovskite solution to form a Perovskite absorber layer; and depositing a second carrier transport solution with a second carrier transport deposition device to form a second carrier transport layer on the Perovskite absorber layer, wherein the deposited Perovskite solution is dried at least partially with a fast drying device which causes a conversion reaction and the Perovskite solution to change in optical density by at least a factor of 2 in less than 0.5 seconds after the fast drying device first acts on the Perovskite solution.

Abstract: A method of making a perovskite layer includes providing a flexible substrate; providing a perovskite solution comprising an initial amount of solvent and perovskite precursor materials and a total solids concentration between 30 percent and 70 percent by weight of its saturation concentration; depositing the perovskite solution on the flexible substrate; removing a first portion of the solvent from the deposited perovskite solution and increasing the total solids concentration of the perovskite solution to at least 75 percent of its saturation concentration with a first drying step; and removing a second portion of the solvent from the deposited perovskite solution with a second drying step having a higher rate of solvent evaporation that causes saturation and a conversion reaction in the deposited perovskite solution resulting in perovskite crystal formation or formation of a perovskite intermediate phase, wherein the first drying step dwell time is at least 5 times longer than the second drying step dwell

Abstract: A Perovskite solution is described for use in making a uniform Perovskite layer at high speed to enable low cost production of high efficiency Perovskite devices. The Perovskite solution contains a solvent, an organic Perovskite precursor material, and an inorganic Perovskite precursor material, wherein the amount of solvent is greater than 30 percent by weight and the Perovskite solution has a total solids concentration that is between 30 percent and 70 percent by weight of the Perovskite solution's saturation concentration at a solution temperature of from 20 to 25 degrees Celsius.

Abstract: A continuous inline method for production of photovoltaic devices at high speed includes: providing a substrate; depositing a first carrier transport solution layer with a first carrier transport deposition device to form a first carrier transport layer on the substrate; depositing a Perovskite solution comprising solvent and perovskite precursor materials with a Perovskite solution deposition device on the first carrier transport layer; drying the deposited Perovskite solution to form a Perovskite absorber layer; and depositing a second carrier transport solution with a second carrier transport deposition device to form a second carrier transport layer on the Perovskite absorber layer, wherein the deposited Perovskite solution is dried at least partially with a fast drying device which causes a conversion reaction and the Perovskite solution to change in optical density by at least a factor of 2 in less than 0.5 seconds after the fast drying device first acts on the Perovskite solution.

Abstract: A method of making a perovskite layer includes providing a flexible substrate; providing a perovskite solution comprising an initial amount of solvent and perovskite precursor materials and a total solids concentration between 30 percent and 70 percent by weight of its saturation concentration; depositing the perovskite solution on the flexible substrate; removing a first portion of the solvent from the deposited perovskite solution and increasing the total solids concentration of the perovskite solution to at least 75 percent of its saturation concentration with a first drying step; and removing a second portion of the solvent from the deposited perovskite solution with a second drying step having a higher rate of solvent evaporation that causes saturation and a conversion reaction in the deposited perovskite solution resulting in perovskite crystal formation or formation of a perovskite intermediate phase, wherein the first drying step dwell time is at least 5 times longer than the second drying step dwell

Abstract: A gas analyzing system that includes a vacuum chamber containing a mass spectrometer and a sampling device for introducing a gas sample into the chamber. A sorption pump is operatively connected to the chamber which is capable of maintaining the chamber at a high vacuum. The pump includes a diffusion barrier that provides smooth pumping characteristics and repeatable short term system behavior when sample pulses are introduced into the system.