Abstract: An optical transformer includes: an optomechanical member configured: to receive incident light; and to produce primary light from the incident light including an initial propagation that includes a nonlinear scan; and a lens configured: to receive the primary light from the optomechanical member; to linearize the nonlinear scan; and to produce secondary light including a final propagation that comprises a linear scan, such that the optical transformer is configured to transform the nonlinear scan of the primary light to the linear scan of the secondary light.

Abstract: A system for transporting in a vacuum chamber sample holders and samples between a holder tray and a location for use with a surface analytical instrument is disclosed. Also provided is a system including a microwave coaxial cable connecting the tip terminal of a scanning tunneling microscope to a microwave signal source and a system for clamping a heater to a sample holder in order to heat the sample.

Abstract: Multiple frequency sources are used to apply a time varying signal to a scanning tunneling microscope and a current or voltage passing between the electrodes of the microscope is measured by a microwave spectrum/network analyzer which detects simultaneously at the multiple input frequencies and combinations thereof. This permits multiple substances to be monitored simultaneously. By choosing appropriate frequencies of input signals to be mixed or combined before application to the sample, it is possible to measure at a difference frequency which may improve signal to noise ratio and possible to match generating and reaction potentials and relaxation times to render detection possible. When applied to an array of Coulomb blockade devices used as a current standard, accuracy of the standard can be tested and the signal-to-noise ratio can be improved in the measurements, or the thresholds of the devices can be detected.

Abstract: A system for transporting in a vacuum chamber sample holders and samples between a holder tray and a location for use with a surface analytical instrument is disclosed. Also provided is a system including a microwave coaxial cable connecting the tip terminal of a scanning tunneling microscope to a microwave signal source and a system for clamping a heater to a sample holder in order to heat the sample.

Abstract: By applying a voltage or signal and withdrawing or injecting an electron or electrons to a layer of material, it is possible to write, erase or read data electrochemically. The layer of material has at least one portion that will reversibly change between charge states in response to the applied voltage or signal and the withdrawal or injection of an electron or electrons. Alternatively, the material of the layer may be such that the portion of the layer of material will dissociate into components in response to the applied voltage or signal and injection or withdrawal of an electron or electrons. The stored data may be read using a scanning tunneling microscope by applying a voltage or signal thereto and detecting the current through, voltage across or signal reflected from the layer to detect the different charge states or structures of different portions of the layer. The signal or voltage applied can be a DC or AC signal, a signal pulse or transient or various combinations thereof.

Abstract: A microwave sweep oscillator is used to apply an AC signal from the probe tip of a scanning tunneling microscope to a sample, and the reflected signal from the sample is measured by a microwave spectrum/network analyzer, or another device capable of measuring amplitude versus frequency. The frequency of the signal applied by the oscillator may be swept across a spectrum and the optimum frequency of the spectrum is determined so that an improved image of the surface of a sample may be obtained. The spectrum of a known substance may also be recorded and used as a signature for identifying components of an unknown substance by comparison. When the amplitude of the AC signal applied is increased, a sudden change in the reThis invention was made with support from the National Science Foundation, United States Government, under Grant No. CHE-9158375. The government has rights in this invention.

Abstract: A microwave sweep oscillator is used to apply an AC signal cross a scanning tunneling microscope and the current or voltage passing between the electrodes is measured by a microwave spectrum/network analyzeThis invention was made with support from the National Science Foundation, United States Government, under Grant No. CHE-9158375. The government has rights in this invention.