Abstract: A method includes controlling receiving, by a user device, frequency-shifted signals from a plurality of backscatter nodes for locating the user device, wherein each of the plurality of backscatter nodes is identifiable by a backscatter node-specific frequency offset of the frequency-shifted signals according to a configuration; determining, by the user device, phase information and a frequency offset for each of the received frequency-shifted signals; and controlling transmitting, by the user device to a network node that provides the configuration: the phase information and the frequency offset for each of the received frequency-shifted signals, for a positioning control entity to carry out the locating of the user device; or a location of the user device that is determined, by the user device, based on the phase information, the frequency offset for each of the received frequency-shifted signals and locations of the plurality of backscatter nodes known by the user device.

Abstract: A method includes determining backscatter frequency offsets assigned to backscatter nodes to be positioned; controlling transmitting, by the first user device, a positioning signal using time-frequency resources found unused by the first user device or allocated by a network node; controlling receiving, by the first user device via sidelink communication, channel estimate information from a plurality of second user devices, wherein a channel estimate information indicates an estimate of a channel between one of the plurality of second user devices and each of the at least some of the backscatter nodes, and wherein the channel estimate information received from each second user device is based on the transmitted positioning signal that is frequency shifted by an assigned backscatter frequency offset and reflected by each of the at least some of the backscatter nodes; and controlling transmitting, by the first user device to the network node, the received channel estimate information.

Abstract: A method includes controlling receiving channel information for a sidelink channel between a first user node and a second user node, wherein the channel information is determined by the second user node based on the sidelink reference signal transmitted by the first user node that has been at least partially passively reflected format least one object within a physical environment; determining that there is a predicted decrease in a radio network performance for a radio link between the first user node and a network node; and controlling transmitting, by the first user node to a network node, information indicating that there is a predicted decrease in radio network performance for the radio link between the first user node and the network node, to enable the network node to perform a corrective action based on the predicted decrease in radio network performance.

Abstract: A method includes controlling receiving, by a user device, frequency-shifted signals from a plurality of backscatter nodes for locating the user device, wherein cach of the plurality of backscatter nodes is identifiable by a backscatter node-specific frequency offset of the frequency-shifted signals according to a configuration; determining, by the user device, phase information and a frequency offset for each of the received frequency-shifted signals; and controlling transmitting, by the user device to a network node that provides the configuration: the phase information and the frequency offset for each of the received frequency-shifted signals, for a positioning control entity to carry out the locating of the user device; or a location of the user device that is determined, by the user device, based on the phase information, the frequency offset for each of the received frequency-shifted signals and locations of the plurality of backscatter nodes known by the user device.

Abstract: A method includes determining backscatter frequency offsets assigned to backscatter nodes to be positioned; controlling transmitting, by the first user device, a positioning signal using time-frequency resources found unused by the first user device or allocated by a network node; controlling receiving, by the first user device via sidelink communication, channel estimate information from a plurality of second user devices, wherein a channel estimate information indicates an estimate of a channel between one of the plurality of second user devices and each of the at least some of the backscatter nodes, and wherein the channel estimate information received from each second user device is based on the transmitted positioning signal that is frequency shifted by an assigned backscatter frequency offset and reflected by each of the at least some of the backscatter nodes; and controlling transmitting, by the first user device to the network node, the received channel estimate information.