Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparation of chlorine from hydrogen chloride comprising circulating a liquid melt comprising copper ions Cun+ with n being a number in the range from 1 to 2, alkali cations and chloride ions Cl in a reactor system comprising three bubble lift reactors I, II and III, each comprising a reaction zone i, ii and iii respectively, wherein: ?(a) in the reaction zone i of the first bubble lift reactor I, a liquid melt comprising copper ions Cun+, alkali cations and chloride ions Cl— is contacted with oxygen at a temperature in the range from 395 to 405° C. so that the molar ratio Cun+:Cu+ in the liquid melt increases, obtaining a liquid melt having an increased molar ratio Cun+:Cu+ ?(b) the liquid melt obtained in (a) is circulated to the reaction zone ii in the second bubble lift reactor II, where the liquid melt is contacted with hydrogen chloride at a temperature in the range from 395 to 405° C.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the synthesis of a non-racemic cyclohexene compound of formula (I) by a Diels-Alder reaction of a compound of formula (II) with a compound of formula (III) wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 and Y have the meanings as defined in the description in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least one m-valent metal cation Mm+ wherein the metal M is selected from Scandium (Sc), Yttrium (Y), Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Promethium (Pm), Samarium (Sm), Europium (Eu), Gadolinium 15 (Gd), Terbium (Tb), Dysprosium (Dy), Holmium (Ho), Erbium (Er), Thulium (Tm), Ytterbium (Yb), Lutetium (Lu), Gallium (Ga) and Indium (In), and m is an integer of 1, 2 or 3, and a chiral ligand of the formula (IV) wherein R10a, R10b, R10c, R10d, R10a?, R10b?, R10c?, R10d?, Z and Z? have the meanings as defined in the description.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of making and/or isolating isoidide, a composition including a mixture including non-esterified isoidide and one or both compounds selected from the group consisting of esterified isosorbide and esterified isomannide and a method of using of such composition for making and/or isolating isoidide. Further disclosed herein is a method including a step of selective esterification of a mixture of dianhydrohexitol isomers including isoidide for separating isoidide from said mixture of dianhydrohexitol isomers. Moreover, a method of making a polymer including isoidide monomers or modified isoidide monomers is disclosed.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of amino alcohols includes condensing a compound of Formula (II), a stereoisomer, a tautomer, or a salt thereof with a compound of Formula (IIIa) or Formula (IIIb), a stereoisomer, a tautomer, or a salt thereof to form a condensation product; hydroxylating or acyloxylating the condensation product in the presence of an oxidant to obtain a hydroxylation or acyloxylation product; and subjecting the hydroxylation or acyloxylation product to one or more subsequent reactions comprising a hydrolysis reaction, alcohol deprotection, an amino lysis reaction, or a combination of two or more thereof to obtain an amino alcohol of Formula (I).

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing an unsaturated alcohol of the formula (I), wherein one of R1 and R2 is preferably C2-C10-alkyl or C2-C10-alkenyl containing one double bond and the other one is preferably hydrogen or methyl; R3 is preferably hydrogen; which comprises subjecting an educt composition including at least 75% by weight of an unsaturated aldehyde of the formula (II) wherein R1, R2 and R3 preferably have the above defined meanings, to a hydrogenation in the presence of a catalyst and a tertiary amine; wherein the tertiary amine is used in an amount ranging from 0.001 to 0.7% by weight, based on the total amount of the liquid reaction mixture.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of amino alcohols includes condensing a compound of Formula (II), a stereoisomer, a tautomer, or a salt thereof with a compound of Formula (IIIa) or Formula (IIIb), a stereoisomer, a tautomer, or a salt thereof to form a condensation product; hydroxylating or acyloxylating the condensation product in the presence of an oxidant to obtain a hydroxylation or acyloxylation product; and subjecting the hydroxylation or acyloxylation product to one or more subsequent reactions comprising a hydrolysis reaction, alcohol deprotection, an amino lysis reaction, or a combination of two or more thereof to obtain an amino alcohol of Formula (I).

Abstract: A process for preparing C4 to C13 monohydroxy compounds from a bottom fraction arising in the distillation of a crude mixture of C4 to C13 oxo-process aldehydes from cobalt-catalyzed or rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation, or in the distillation of a crude mixture of C4 to C13 oxo-process alcohols, which comprises contacting the bottom fraction in the presence of hydrogen with a catalyst comprising copper oxide and aluminum oxide, at a temperature of 150° C. to 300° C. and a pressure of 20 bar to 300 bar and subjecting the resulting crude hydrogenation product to distillation, and the amount of C4 to C13 monohydroxy compounds present in the crude hydrogenation product after the hydrogenation being greater than the amount of C4 to C13 monohydroxy compounds given stoichiometrically from the hydrogenation of the ester and aldehyde compounds present in the bottom fraction, including the C4 to C13 monohydroxy compounds still present in the bottom fraction before the hydrogenation.

Abstract: A process for preparing C4 to C10 monohydroxy compounds from a bottom fraction arising in the distillation of a crude mixture of C4 to C10 oxo-process aldehydes from cobalt-catalyzed or rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation, or in the distillation of a crude mixture of C4 to C10 oxo-process alcohols, which comprises contacting the bottom fraction in the presence of hydrogen with a catalyst comprising copper oxide and aluminum oxide, at a temperature of 150° C. to 300° C. and a pressure of 20 bar to 300 bar and subjecting the resulting crude hydrogenation product to distillation, and the amount of C4 to C10 monohydroxy compounds present in the crude hydrogenation product after the hydrogenation being greater than the amount of C4 to C10 monohydroxy compounds given stoichiometrically from the hydrogenation of the ester and aldehyde compounds present in the bottom fraction, including the C4 to C10 monohydroxy compounds still present in the bottom fraction before the hydrogenation.

Abstract: The present invention is in the field of etching metal- or semimetal-containing materials by atomic layer etching. In particular the present invention relates to a process for etching a metal- or semimetal-containing material comprising bringing a metal- or semimetal-containing material having an activated surface in contact with an organic compound containing a leaving group which is capable of forming a volatile compound upon coming in contact with the metal- or semi-metal-containing material and a group which is capable of coordinating to a metal or semimetal atom in the metal- or semimetal-containing material.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing an unsaturated alcohol of the formula (I), wherein one of R1 and R2 is preferably C2-C10-alkyl or C2-C10-alkenyl containing one double bond and the other one is preferably hydrogen or methyl; R3 is preferably hydrogen; which comprises subjecting an educt composition including at least 75% by weight of an unsaturated aldehyde of the formula (II) wherein R1, R2 and R3 preferably have the above defined meanings, to a hydrogenation in the presence of a catalyst and a tertiary amine; wherein the tertiary amine is used in an amount ranging from 0.001 to 0.7% by weight, based on the total amount of the liquid reaction mixture.