Abstract: A nonvolatile memory system, a nonvolatile memory controller and a method for reducing latency of a memory controller are disclosed. The nonvolatile memory controller includes a storage module configured to store data indicating threshold voltage shift read parameters and corresponding index values. The nonvolatile memory controller includes a status circuit configured to determine at least one usage characteristic of a nonvolatile memory device, and a read circuit configured to determine whether a usage characteristic meets a usage characteristic threshold. When a usage characteristic is determined to meet the usage characteristic threshold, the read circuit is configured to perform all subsequent reads of the nonvolatile memory device using a threshold voltage shift read instruction identified using one or more of the threshold voltage shift read parameters.

Abstract: Methods, compositions, and systems are provided for managing bovine subjects in order to maximize their individual potential performance and edible meat value, and to maximize profits obtained in marketing the bovine subjects. The methods and systems draw an inference of a trait of a bovine subject by determining the nucleotide occurrence of at least one bovine SNP that is identified herein as being associated with the trait. The inference is used in methods of the present invention to establish the economic value of a bovine subject, to improve profits related to selling beef from a bovine subject; to manage bovine subjects, to sort bovine subjects; to improve the genetics of a bovine population by selecting and breeding of bovine subjects, to clone a bovine subject with a specific trait, to track meat or another commercial product of a bovine subject; and to diagnose a health condition of a bovine subject.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods to discover and use single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) for identifying breed, or line and breed, or line composition of a bovine subject. The present invention further provides specific nucleic acid sequences, SNPs, and SNP patterns that can be used for identifying breed or breed combinations for Angus, Holstein, Limousin, Brahman, Hereford, Simmental, Gelbvieh, Charolais and Beefmaster breeds. These patterns can be utilized to manage animals in a feedlot to obtain optimum performance based on known characteristics of specific breeds and identify animals for breeding in selection programs. In another aspect, these patterns can be used to ensure labeling on breed specific branded products.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods to discover and use single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) for identifying breed, or line and breed, or line composition of a bovine subject. The present invention further provides specific nucleic acid sequences, SNPs, and SNP patterns that can be used for identifying breed or breed combinations for Angus, Holstein, Limousin, Brahman, Hereford, Simmental, Gelbvieh, Charolais and Beefmaster breeds. These patterns can be utilized to manage animals in a feedlot to obtain optimum performance based on known characteristics of specific breeds and identify animals for breeding in selection programs. In another aspect, these patterns can be used to ensure labeling on breed specific branded products.

Abstract: Methods, compositions, and systems are provided for managing bovine subjects in order to maximize their individual potential performance and edible meat value, and to maximize profits obtained in marketing the bovine subjects. The methods and systems draw an inference of a trait of a bovine subject by determining the nucleotide occurrence of at least one bovine SNP that is identified herein as being associated with the trait. The inference is used in methods of the present invention to establish the economic value of a bovine subject, to improve profits related to selling beef from a bovine subject; to manage bovine subjects, to sort bovine subjects; to improve the genetics of a bovine population by selecting and breeding of bovine subjects, to clone a bovine subject with a specific trait, to track meat or another commercial product of a bovine subject; and to diagnose a health condition of a bovine subject.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for setting or modifying a threshold voltage in a NAND flash memory, using an optimization method and based on an error, such as stored in a threshold voltage table. In an embodiment, a method is provided to optimize the read voltage on a NAND flash memory in order to minimize the errors on the NAND flash memory in the fewest reads operations as possible. Advantageously, the method of the present disclosure is more reliability as the method minimizes a Raw Bit Error Rate (RBER) on the NAND flash memory. In an embodiment, a NAND controller adjusts an existing cell read threshold voltage for a selected cell, using an iterative optimization method, based on a difference between first and second error rates, or a difference between first and second probabilities, to generate an adjusted cell read threshold voltage.

Abstract: Methods, compositions, and systems are provided for managing bovine subjects in order to maximize their individual potential performance and edible meat value, and to maximize profits obtained in marketing the bovine subjects. The methods and systems draw an inference of a trait of a bovine subject by determining the nucleotide occurrence of at least one bovine SNP that is identified herein as being associated with the trait. The inference is used in methods of the present invention to establish the economic value of a bovine subject, to improve profits related to selling beef from a bovine subject; to manage bovine subjects, to sort bovine subjects; to improve the genetics of a bovine population by selecting and breeding of bovine subjects, to clone a bovine subject with a specific trait, to track meat or another commercial product of a bovine subject; and to diagnose a health condition of a bovine subject.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods provide relatively low uncorrectable bit error rates, low write amplification, long life, fast and efficient retrieval, and efficient storage density such that a solid-state drive (SSD) can be reliably implemented using various types of memory cells, including relatively inexpensive multi-level cell flash. One embodiment intelligently coordinates remapping of bad blocks with error correction code control, which eliminates the tables used to avoid bad blocks.

Abstract: A method of decoding a primary codeword and a set of secondary codewords stored in a non-volatile memory (NVM), which includes reading, from the NVM, the primary codeword and all the secondary codewords and storing them in a second memory. The primary codeword is then read from the second memory and decoded, utilizing a soft-decision decoder, based on a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) vector. When the decoding of the primary codeword is unsuccessful: each secondary codeword of the set of secondary codewords is read from the second memory and decoded, utilizing a hard-decision decoder, to identify and correct errored data bits in the each secondary codeword and to determine a location of each errored data bit in the primary codeword. An adjusted LLR vector is generated by adjusting the LLR for each primary codeword data bit based on the determined locations of the errored data bits in the primary codeword.

Abstract: A system and method of decoding a Reed-Solomon code using a Reed-Solomon decoder comprising an erasure location selector, multiple syndrome formers and multiple Berlekamp-Massey decoders that share a single error correction unit, and means for selecting a Berlekamp-Massey decoder output as the input to the error correction unit. The method improves the bit error rate performance of the Reed-Solomon decoder compared to known hard-decision and soft-decision Reed-Solomon decoders. The Reed-Solomon decoder also provides hardware area and power savings over more complex Reed-Solomon decoders.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods provide relatively low uncorrectable bit error rates, low write amplification, long life, fast and efficient retrieval, and efficient storage density such that a solid-state drive (SSD) can be reliably implemented using various types of memory cells, including relatively inexpensive multi-level cell flash. One embodiment intelligently coordinates remapping of bad blocks with error correction code control, which eliminates the tables used to avoid bad blocks.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for managing non-beef livestock subjects to maximize their individual potential performance and value of a product from the nonbeef livestock subjects, and to maximize profits obtained in marketing the non-beef livestock subjects. The methods and systems draw to an inference of a trait of a non-beef livestock subject by determining the nucleotide occurrence of at least one non-beef livestock SNP that is determined to be associated with the trait. The inference is used in methods to establish economic value of non-beef livestock subject, improve profits related to selling beef from non-beef livestock subject; manage non-beef livestock subjects, sort non-beef livestock subjects; improve the genetics of non-beef livestock population by selecting and breeding non-beef livestock subjects, clone non-beef livestock subject with a specific trait, track meat or another commercial product of a non-beef livestock subject; and diagnose a health condition of a non-beef livestock subject.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for automatically extracting i2,6-diisopropylphenol (Propofol), from a complex sample matrix comprising cellular material, e.g.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods provide relatively low uncorrectable bit error rates, low write amplification, long life, fast and efficient retrieval, and efficient storage density such that a solid-state drive (SSD) can be reliably implemented using various types of memory cells, including relatively inexpensive multi-level cell flash. One embodiment intelligently coordinates remapping of bad blocks with error correction code control, which eliminates the tables used to avoid bad blocks.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods provide relatively low uncorrectable bit error rates, low write amplification, long life, fast and efficient retrieval, and efficient storage density such that a solid-state drive (SSD) can be reliably implemented using various types of memory cells, including relatively inexpensive multi-level cell flash. One embodiment intelligently coordinates remapping of bad blocks with error correction code control, which eliminates the tables used to avoid bad blocks.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods provide relatively low uncorrectable bit error rates, low write amplification, long life, fast and efficient retrieval, and efficient storage density such that a solid-state drive (SSD) can be reliably implemented using various types of memory cells, including relatively inexpensive multi-level cell flash. One embodiment intelligently coordinates remapping of bad blocks with error correction code control, which eliminates the tables used to avoid bad blocks.

Abstract: A method and system are provided for performing Decision Feedback Equalization (DFE) and Decision Feedback Sequence Estimation (DFSE) in high-throughput applications that are not latency critical. In an embodiment, overlapping blocks of samples are used to allow for the parallelization of the computation and the breaking of the critical path. In addition, the overlap of the windows addresses issues associated with performance loss due to what is termed “ramp-up” and “ramp-down” BER loss.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods to discover and use single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) for identifying breed, or line and breed, or line composition of a bovine subject. The present invention further provides specific nucleic acid sequences, SNPs, and SNP patterns that can be used for identifying breed or breed combinations for Angus, Holstein, Limousin, Brahman, Hereford, Simmental, Gelbvieh, Charolais and Beefmaster breeds. These patterns can be utilized to manage animals in a feedlot to obtain optimum performance based on known characteristics of specific breeds and identify animals for breeding in selection programs. In another aspect, these patterns can be used to ensure labeling on breed specific branded products.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods to discover and use single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) for identifying breed, or line and breed, or line composition of a bovine subject. The present invention further provides specific nucleic acid sequences, SNPs, and SNP patterns that can be used for identifying breed or breed combinations for Angus, Holstein, Limousin, Brahman, Hereford, Simmental, Gelbvieh, Charolais and Beefmaster breeds. These patterns can be utilized to manage animals in a feedlot to obtain optimum performance based on known characteristics of specific breeds and identify animals for breeding in selection programs. In another aspect, these patterns can be used to ensure labeling on breed specific branded products.