Abstract: Simulating operating conditions for quantum computing devices is disclosed. In one example, a processor device of a staging computing device (i.e., a classical non-quantum computing device) receives an operating parameter from a quantum computing device, wherein the operating parameter represents an operating condition of the quantum computing device. The processor device also receives a quantum service definition that defines a quantum service. A quantum simulator of the processor device accesses the quantum service definition, simulates the operating condition of the quantum computing device based on the operating parameter, and then executes the quantum service under the simulated operating condition based on the quantum service definition.

Abstract: Qubit reservation is disclosed. A first request to reserve at least one qubit is received from a requestor. The first request includes an application identifier (ID) of a first quantum application. Qubit metadata that describes characteristics of a first plurality of qubits implemented by a first quantum computing system is accessed to identify a first qubit that is available to be reserved. The qubit metadata is modified to reserve the first qubit to thereby inhibit access to the first qubit by any quantum application other than the first quantum application.

Abstract: Classical management of qubit requests is provided. In particular, a classical computing device receives a payload from another classical computing device via a classical computing connection, such as a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) connection. The classical computing device queries a quantum computing device regarding availability of a qubit, whether targeted or agnostic, according to instructions provided in the payload. Such instructions may include inserting data into a qubit, manipulating a qubit, and/or reserving a qubit. If the qubit is available, the classical computing device sends the payload to the quantum computing device. If the qubit is unavailable, the classical computing device continues to query the quantum computing device until the qubit is available. Such a configuration provides granular control of qubits by a classical computing device and/or shifts management loads from the quantum computing device to the classical computing device.

Abstract: Hotswapping qubits for resource-limited quantum computing devices is disclosed. In one example, a processor device of a quantum computing device executes a first quantum service that comprises one or more qubits. The processor device receives a first request from a quantum service scheduler to allow a second quantum service to access the one or more qubits. In response to receiving the first request, the processor device suspends execution of the first quantum service. The processor device exports first metadata representing a first state of each qubit of the one or more qubits to a classical computing device. After exporting the first metadata, the processor device allocates the one or more qubits to the second quantum service, and executes the second quantum service.

Abstract: Managing runtime qubit allocation for executing quantum services is disclosed. In one example, a processor device of a quantum computing system implements a quantum backoff service (QBS) that enables safe runtime qubit allocation for executing quantum services. The QBS receives a request from a quantum service scheduler for allocation of one or more qubits for an executing quantum service. Upon receiving the request for allocation, the QBS determines whether the one or more qubits are unavailable for execution. If the QBS determines that the one or more qubits are unavailable for allocation, the QBS places the executing quantum service into a sleep state. The QBS in some examples may subsequently receive an indication that the one or more qubits have become available for allocation. The QBS then restores the executing quantum service into an executing state and allocates the one or more qubits for the executing quantum service.

Abstract: Generating quantum service definitions from executing quantum services is disclosed. In one example, a processor device of a quantum computing system executes a quantum service comprise one or more qubits. The processor device (e.g., by executing a quantum analysis service (QAS)) receives a request to profile the quantum service. Based on the request, the processor device obtains service metadata corresponding to the quantum service. A quantum service definition that defines one or more features of the quantum service is then generated based on the service metadata, and the quantum service definition is stored on a persistent data store. In this manner, quantum service definitions may be partially or wholly reverse-engineered for quantum services for which original quantum services definitions are unavailable or inaccessible.

Abstract: Performing comparative testing of quantum services is disclosed. In one example, a processor device of a quantum computing system (e.g., by executing a quantum testing service (QTS)) receives a first request for testing from a requestor, wherein the first request comprises an identifier of a quantum service. The quantum computing device retrieves a plurality of quantum service definitions corresponding to a plurality of different versions of the quantum service, based on the first request. A plurality of instances of the quantum service are then instantiated for parallel execution by the quantum computing device, wherein each instance is defined by a quantum service definition of the plurality of quantum service definitions. The quantum computing device next performs testing of each instance of the plurality of instances, based on the first request, and generates a testing result report based on the testing.

Abstract: Enabling restoration of qubits following quantum process termination is disclosed. In one example, a quantum restore service, executing on a processor device of a quantum computing device, detects an exit request corresponding to a quantum process associated with one or more qubits. The quantum restore service obtains metadata, including an identification of the quantum process (such as a quantum process identifier (ID), a quantum process name, and/or a Quantum Assembly Language (QASM) file descriptor) and an identification of each qubit. The quantum restore service then maintains the qubits in association with the identification of the quantum process based on the metadata after termination of the quantum process. In some examples, the quantum restore service may allocate a logical partition, associate the logical partition with the quantum process, and then associate the qubits with the logical partition. In this manner, the qubits may be preserved after the quantum process has terminated.

Abstract: A quantum failsafe service (QFS) is disclosed herein. In one example, a first quantum computing device executes a QFS that receives a system stress indicator from a system monitor that tracks a status of the first quantum computing device and/or a status of qubits maintained by the first quantum computing device. The QFS determines, based on the system stress indicator, that a quantum service backup is to be performed for a quantum service running on the first quantum computing device, and obtains a profile snapshot representing a current state of the quantum service. The QFS service then performs superdense encoding of the profile snapshot using a first set of qubits entangled with a second set of qubits of a second quantum computing device, and the first set of qubits are sent to the second quantum computing device (e.g., for storage in a classical data repository, according to some examples).

Abstract: Migration of quantum services from quantum computing devices to quantum simulators is disclosed herein. In one example, a quantum computing device executes a migration service that receives a system stress indicator from a system monitor that tracks a status of the quantum computing device and/or a status of qubits maintained by the quantum computing device. The migration service determines, based on the system stress indicator, that a quantum service running on the quantum computing device is to be migrated. Upon determining that the quantum service is to be migrated, the migration service retrieves a QASM file that contains quantum programming instructions defining the quantum service. The QASM file is then transmitted to a quantum simulator running on a classical computing device for failover execution. In some examples, the classical computing device then executes a simulated quantum service within the quantum simulator based on the QASM file.

Abstract: A first quantum computing device detects an occurrence of a trigger condition. The first quantum computing device identifies a quantum operation corresponding to the trigger condition and performs the quantum operation on a first qubit maintained by the first quantum computing device, the first qubit being in an entangled state with a corresponding second qubit maintained by a second quantum computing device.

Abstract: Access protection for shared qubits is disclosed herein. In one example, a processor device first determines that a first quantum process associated with one or more qubits is scheduled for execution (e.g., based on metadata obtained from the quantum process manager.) The processor device next identifies a second quantum process that is active and that is also associated with the one or more qubits. The processor device then prevents the first quantum process (i.e., the quantum process that is scheduled to execute) from accessing the one or more qubits. In some examples, the processor device may prevent access to the one or more qubits by causing the first quantum process to be placed in a blocked state pending release of the one or more qubits by the second quantum process (i.e., the currently active quantum process).

Abstract: Quantum process duplication is disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a processor device receives a request to duplicate a first quantum process that is associated with a first one or more qubits. The processor device obtains metadata associated with the first quantum process and its qubits, wherein the metadata includes an identifier of the first quantum process and an identifier of each of the first one or more qubits. The processor device then duplicates the first quantum process as a second quantum process. Finally, the quantum process manager associates a second one or more qubits with the second quantum process (e.g., by associating the first one or more qubits with the second quantum process as the second one or more qubits, or by allocating a new set of one or more qubits for the second quantum process as the second one or more qubits, as non-limiting examples).

Abstract: Enabling restoration of qubits following quantum process termination is disclosed. In one example, a quantum restore service, executing on a processor device of a quantum computing device, detects an exit request corresponding to a quantum process associated with one or more qubits. The quantum restore service obtains metadata, including an identification of the quantum process (such as a quantum process identifier (ID), a quantum process name, and/or a Quantum Assembly Language (QASM) file descriptor) and an identification of each qubit. The quantum restore service then maintains the qubits in association with the identification of the quantum process based on the metadata after termination of the quantum process. In some examples, the quantum restore service may allocate a logical partition, associate the logical partition with the quantum process, and then associate the qubits with the logical partition. In this manner, the qubits may be preserved after the quantum process has terminated.

Abstract: Intruder detection using quantum key distribution is disclosed. A request for a first key for use with a first application configured to execute on a computing device is received by a quantum computing system. The request includes information that identifies the application. In response to the request, a quantum key distribution (QKD) process to generate a key is initiated. It is determined that an intruder attempted to eavesdrop on the QKD process. A message is sent to the computing device that instructs the computing device to cause the first application to implement a reduced functionality mode of the first application.

Abstract: Quantum entanglement protection is disclosed. An entanglement checker receives, from a requestor, a request associated with a first qubit. In response to receiving the request, the entanglement checker accesses qubit entanglement information that identifies an entanglement status of the first qubit. The entanglement checker determines, based on the qubit entanglement information, the entanglement status of the first qubit, and sends a response to the requestor based on the entanglement status.

Abstract: Instantaneous key invalidation in response to a detected eavesdropper. A quantum computing system that includes a plurality of qubits and a quantum channel uses a quantum key distribution protocol to generate a key. The quantum computing system determines that an eavesdropper has eavesdropped on the quantum channel. In response to determining that the eavesdropper has eavesdropped on the quantum channel, the quantum computing system sends a key-revocation message to a designated destination.

Abstract: Performing file difference operations on quantum files in a state of superposition is disclosed herein. In one example, a quantum computing device accesses a first plurality of data values of a first plurality of qubits for a first quantum file, as well as a second plurality of data values of a second plurality of qubits for a second quantum file, wherein the first plurality of qubits and the second plurality of qubits are in a state of superposition. A plurality of read operations are performed on each qubit of the first plurality of qubits and the second plurality of qubits to determine a corresponding first plurality of data values and a second plurality of data values. A file difference operation is then performed using the first plurality of data values and the second plurality of data values, and a result is generated based on the file difference operation.

Abstract: Quantum process termination is disclosed. A quantum computing system receives a request to terminate a quantum process. The quantum computing system determines that the quantum process utilizes a first qubit. The quantum computing system terminates the quantum process and modifies qubit metadata to indicate that the qubit is available for use.

Abstract: Distributed quantum file consolidation is disclosed. A controlling quantum computing system (QCS) determines to consolidate a quantum file that includes a plurality of qubits implemented on a plurality of quantum computing systems (QCSs) onto a target QCS, the plurality of qubits including at least a first qubit implemented on a first QCS of the plurality of QCSs. The controlling QCS causes a transfer of quantum information contained in each qubit of the plurality of qubits that is not currently implemented on the target QCS to a corresponding qubit on the target QCS. Quantum file update information that indicates the qubits that compose the quantum file are located on the target QCS is communicated to at least the first QCS.