Abstract: Described is a process for the electrochemical fluorination of a substrate, the process comprising the steps of: providing a substrate comprising at least one carbon-bonded hydrogen; preparing a reaction solution comprising the substrate and hydrogen fluoride; passing electric current through the reaction solution sufficient to cause replacement of one or more hydrogens of the substrate with fluorine, the electric current being interrupted through a current cycle defined by current levels comprising an elevated current and a reduced current; wherein the current varies in such a manner that the resistance of the cell operated with interrupted current is lower than the resistance of the cell operated with non-interrupted current.

Abstract: This invention provides perfluoro(alkoxycycloalkane) carbonyl fluoride compounds wherein, pendant from the fluorinated ring, are from 2 to 5 perfluoroalkoxy groups having from 1 to 4, preferably 1 to 2, carbon atoms with the proviso that when one or more of the perfluoroalkoxy groups contain from 3 to 4 carbon atoms, there are no more than 3 pendant groups. Also described are amidoamine intermediates prepared from the carbonyl fluoride compounds as precursors for surfactants used in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) compositions.

Abstract: This invention provides perfluoro(alkoxycycloalkane) carbonyl fluoride compounds wherein, pendant from the fluorinated ring, are from 2 to 5 perfluoroalkoxy groups having from 1 to 4, preferably 1 to 2, carbon atoms with the proviso that when one or more of the perfluoroalkoxy groups contain from 3 to 4 carbon atoms, there are no more than 3 pendant groups.In yet another aspect, this invention provides aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) compositions comprising one or more perfluoro(alkoxycycloalkane) carbonyl group-containing surfactants and one or more water-soluble fluorine-free surfactants selected from the group consisting of nonionic hydrocarbon-containing surfactants with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value greater than or equal to about 10 and ionic hydrocarbon-containing surfactants having a carbon chain length containing inclusively from about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms.