Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for enhancing liveness in a blockchain. Various aspects may include running a first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include detecting a liveness attack in the first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include suspending, when the liveness attack is detected, acceptance of new blocks in the first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include broadcasting a preferred block and identifying a highest accepted block in the set of nodes from running the first consensus protocol based on the preferred block. Aspects may also include transitioning from the first consensus protocol to the second consensus protocol and running the second consensus protocol until a consensus value or a new accepted block is decided. Aspects may also include reinstating and resuming running the first consensus protocol based on the new accepted block.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for generating a heterogeneous network of blockchains. The method includes generating a platform blockchain having a single replicated state machine. The method includes generating at least one subnet based in part on the platform blockchain, the subnet including at least one blockchain, the generating causing bonding or burning of a base asset of the platform blockchain. The method includes specifying validators for the at least one subnet. The platform blockchain includes a source of truth for transactions across the subnets.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine -readable media for proposing blocks to be added to a blockchain. Various aspects may include performing adding block headers to a first blockchain, wherein the block headers reference a set of validators. Aspects may also include adding a temporal parameter to each block header. Aspects may also include determining, based on a block signature from a block header and from the set of validators, a proposer of candidate blocks for addition to the blockchain. Aspects may also include sampling, based on a temporal parameter, a subset of validators of the set of validators. Aspects may include increasing the proposer to a plurality of proposers from the subset of validators by an incremental quantity based on a comparison of the temporal parameter to a threshold.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and technology for secure data dissemination in a network that reduces false positives. A method can include: initializing a bloom filter, generating a cryptographic seed value, generating salted data based on combinations of the cryptographic seed value and each data value in a set of local data values, injecting the salted data into the bloom filter to generate a salted bloom filter, selecting a random peer node in a network, transmitting the salted bloom filter and the cryptographic seed value to the selected random peer node, receiving, from the selected random peer node, at least one other data value that was identified by the selected random peer node as not being included in the salted bloom filter, and adding the at least one other data value to the set of local data values.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for implementing a compaction-less database structure. Various aspects may include identifying nodes in a most recent revision of a database structure stored on disk corresponding to locations of node changes in a current proposal. Aspects may also include persisting node addresses for nodes that have changed from the most recent revision in the current proposal to a future-delete list (also kept on disk). Aspects may also include writing only the new nodes including a root node to disk. Aspects may also include updating a root address on disk based on the root node. Aspects may also include committing the proposal as a new revision of the database structure.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for executing transactions in a blockchain network. Various aspects may include receiving one or more transactions issued from an account, the account comprising a bond balance. Aspects may also include partitioning the transactions into a set of validators. Aspects may also include producing, at the set of validators, chunks including the transactions. Aspects may also include replicating the chunks to nodes in the blockchain network. Aspects may also include generating, based on receiving at least a threshold of stake signatures from the nodes, blocks that reference the replicated chunks. Aspects may include distributing, from the bond balance, funds to the nodes for including the replicated chunks in the blocks.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and technology for secure data dissemination in a network that reduces false positives. A method can include: initializing a bloom filter, generating a cryptographic seed value, generating salted data based on combinations of the cryptographic seed value and each data value in a set of local data values, injecting the salted data into the bloom filter to generate a salted bloom filter, selecting a random peer node in a network, transmitting the salted bloom filter and the cryptographic seed value to the selected random peer node, receiving, from the selected random peer node, at least one other data value that was identified by the selected random peer node as not being included in the salted bloom filter, and adding the at least one other data value to the set of local data values.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for enhancing liveness in a blockchain. Various aspects may include running a first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include detecting a liveness attack in the first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include suspending, when the liveness attack is detected, acceptance of new blocks in the first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include broadcasting a preferred block and identifying a highest accepted block in the set of nodes from running the first consensus protocol based on the preferred block. Aspects may also include transitioning from the first consensus protocol to the second consensus protocol and running the second consensus protocol until a consensus value or a new accepted block is decided. Aspects may also include reinstating and resuming running the first consensus protocol based on the new accepted block.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for proposing blocks to be added to a blockchain. Various aspects may include performing adding block headers to a first blockchain, wherein the block headers reference a set of validators. Aspects may also include adding a temporal parameter to each block header. Aspects may also include determining, based on a block signature from a block header and from the set of validators, a proposer of candidate blocks for addition to the blockchain. Aspects may also include sampling, based on a temporal parameter, a subset of validators of the set of validators. Aspects may include increasing the proposer to a plurality of proposers from the subset of validators by an incremental quantity based on a comparison of the temporal parameter to a threshold.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for implementing a compaction-less database structure. Various aspects may include identifying nodes in a most recent revision of a database structure stored on disk corresponding to locations of node changes in a current proposal. Aspects may also include persisting node addresses for nodes that have changed from the most recent revision in the current proposal to a future-delete list (also kept on disk). Aspects may also include writing only the new nodes including a root node to disk. Aspects may also include updating a root address on disk based on the root node. Aspects may also include committing the proposal as a new revision of the database structure.

Abstract: A method for storing blockchain data includes receiving a first batch command, the first batch command comprising one or more write operations, and adding one or more entries to a new log file by performing the one or more write operations. The method further includes identifying one or more active entries from one or more previous log files, appending the identified one or more active entries to the new log file, and, based on a determination that the one or more previous log files do not comprise any other active entries, deleting the one or more previous log files.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for providing an application trusted execution environment. Various aspects may include performing attestation of each application enclave of a plurality of application enclaves for a plurality of applications. Aspects may also include receiving a request from a client. Aspects may also include selecting a load balancer to forward the request to the application enclaves. Aspects may also include determining a sensitivity level of the request that is associated with a secured environment parameter. Aspects may include routing, by an enclave server of the load balancer, the request to an application enclave according to the sensitivity level for execution of an application of the plurality of applications in the application trusted execution environment.

Abstract: A method determines a current preference value, the current preference value being one of two possible values. The method receives k preference values, each being one of the possible values. The method defines alpha1, alpha2, and beta2, with alpha1>than k/2 and alpha2?alpha1. Responsive to a determination that at least alpha1 of the k preference values are different than the current preference value, the method changes the current preference value. Responsive to a determination that fewer than alpha2 of the k preference values are equal to the current preference value, the method sets a counter to zero. Responsive to a third determination that at least alpha2 of the k preference values are equal to the current preference value, the method increases the counter by 1. Responsive to a determination that the counter is equal to beta2, the method provides the current preference value as a finalized output.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for enhancing liveness in a blockchain. Various aspects may include running a first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include detecting a liveness attack in the first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include suspending, when the liveness attack is detected, acceptance of new blocks in the first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include broadcasting a preferred block and identifying a highest accepted block in the set of nodes from running the first consensus protocol based on the preferred block. Aspects may also include transitioning from the first consensus protocol to the second consensus protocol and running the second consensus protocol until a consensus value or a new accepted block is decided. Aspects may also include reinstating and resuming running the first consensus protocol based on the new accepted block.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for executing transactions in a blockchain network. Various aspects may include receiving one or more transactions issued from an account, the account comprising a bond balance. Aspects may also include partitioning the transactions into a set of validators. Aspects may also include producing, at the set of validators, chunks including the transactions. Aspects may also include replicating the chunks to nodes in the blockchain network. Aspects may also include generating, based on receiving at least a threshold of stake signatures from the nodes, blocks that reference the replicated chunks. Aspects may include distributing, from the bond balance, funds to the nodes for including the replicated chunks in the blocks.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for enhancing liveness in a blockchain. Various aspects may include running a first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include detecting a liveness attack in the first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include suspending, when the liveness attack is detected, acceptance of new blocks in the first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include broadcasting a preferred block and identifying a highest accepted block in the set of nodes from running the first consensus protocol based on the preferred block. Aspects may also include transitioning from the first consensus protocol to the second consensus protocol and running the second consensus protocol until a consensus value or a new accepted block is decided. Aspects may also include reinstating and resuming running the first consensus protocol based on the new accepted block.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for implementing consensus protocols comprising separate preference selection and decision detection mechanisms to enhance the protocol. Various aspects may include executing a first mechanism configured to determine a preference, from one or more choices, for nodes in a blockchain network based on a first threshold value of the nodes agreeing on a selection of one of the choices. Aspects may also include executing a second mechanism configured to detect the blockchain network has decided on the selection based on a probabilistic analysis of node preferences and finalize a consensus decision of the blockchain network based on the node preferences.

Abstract: A method for operating virtual machines in a blockchain network is provided. The method includes requesting, by an agent, a recent block hash to use for transaction construction and a target complexity to mine, constructing, by the agent, a transaction comprising at least a public key and/or a virtual machine transaction, and periodically creating, by a block producer, a block comprising a set of transactions that surpass a minimum complexity. A system including a memory storing instructions and a processor configured to execute the instructions to cause the system to perform the above method is also provided.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for enhancing liveness in a blockchain. Various aspects may include running a first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include detecting a liveness attack in the first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include suspending, when the liveness attack is detected, acceptance of new blocks in the first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include broadcasting a preferred block and identifying a highest accepted block in the set of nodes from running the first consensus protocol based on the preferred block. Aspects may also include transitioning from the first consensus protocol to the second consensus protocol and running the second consensus protocol until a consensus value or a new accepted block is decided. Aspects may also include reinstating and resuming running the first consensus protocol based on the new accepted block.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for proposing blocks to be added to a blockchain. Various aspects may include performing adding block headers to a first blockchain, wherein the block headers reference a set of validators. Aspects may also include adding a temporal parameter to each block header. Aspects may also include determining, based on a block signature from a block header and from the set of validators, a proposer of candidate blocks for addition to the blockchain. Aspects may also include sampling, based on a temporal parameter, a subset of validators of the set of validators. Aspects may include increasing the proposer to a plurality of proposers from the subset of validators by an incremental quantity based on a comparison of the temporal parameter to a threshold.