Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for proposing blocks to be added to a blockchain. Various aspects may include performing adding block headers to a first blockchain, wherein the block headers reference a set of validators. Aspects may also include adding a temporal parameter to each block header. Aspects may also include determining, based on a block signature from a block header and from the set of validators, a proposer of candidate blocks for addition to the blockchain. Aspects may also include sampling, based on a temporal parameter, a subset of validators of the set of validators. Aspects may include increasing the proposer to a plurality of proposers from the subset of validators by an incremental quantity based on a comparison of the temporal parameter to a threshold.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for providing an application trusted execution environment. Various aspects may include performing attestation of each application enclave of a plurality of application enclaves for a plurality of applications. Aspects may also include receiving a request from a client. Aspects may also include selecting a load balancer to forward the request to the application enclaves. Aspects may also include determining a sensitivity level of the request that is associated with a secured environment parameter. Aspects may include routing, by an enclave server of the load balancer, the request to an application enclave according to the sensitivity level for execution of an application of the plurality of applications in the application trusted execution environment.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for generating a heterogeneous network of blockchains. The method includes generating a platform blockchain having a single replicated state machine. The method includes generating at least one subnet based in part on the platform blockchain, the subnet including at least one blockchain, the generating causing bonding or burning of a base asset of the platform blockchain. The method includes specifying validators for the at least one subnet. The platform blockchain includes a source of truth for transactions across the subnets.

Abstract: A method for operating virtual machines in a blockchain network is provided. The method includes requesting, by an agent, a recent block hash to use for transaction construction and a target complexity to mine, constructing, by the agent, a transaction comprising at least a public key and/or a virtual machine transaction, and periodically creating, by a block producer, a block comprising a set of transactions that surpass a minimum complexity. A system including a memory storing instructions and a processor configured to execute the instructions to cause the system to perform the above method is also provided.