Abstract: A device for measuring small units of force or weight, such as the tracking force of a phonograph cartridge, includes an elastic flexure member having an electric contact for engagement with an encoder. As the flexure member is deflected by an amount proportional to the force being measured, contacts on the encoder are sequentially activated to provide an electric signal used to drive on analog, digital or numeric visual display or readout of the measured force. The device of the invention may also include a mechanism for providing a second point of support for the flexure member and a second visual scale to provide a greater range of measurement.

Abstract: An ambience processor receives and combines the left and right channel signals from a stereophonic amplifier. The resulting composite signal is converted to a sequence of digital signals which are stored in a random access memory. The stored digital representation of the composite signal is read out of the random access memory at different times to separate output circuits which drive left channel and right channel ambience loudspeakers. Reverberation effects are obtained by feeding back portions of the separate output signals to the input of the system.

Abstract: A processor for audio program material which synthesizes simulated reflection and reverberation signals for use in creating the illusion of a specific modeled listening environment. A preferred embodiment of the processor accepts stereophonic audio signals and simulates the multiple reflections of an acoustically modeled environment by recirculating the signals through a pair of digital signal delays which have different delay times. The analog input signals are sampled and converted to digital form by first attenuating the signals with a digitally controlled step attenuator and then encoding the amplitude of the attenuated signal using a ramp comparison technique. The encoded amplitude signals, and a code representative of the attenuator position, are stored in a random access memory and are retrieved after the desired delay. The retrieved digital data are converted back to analog signals by reversing the encoding process, using the same ramp voltage generator.

Abstract: The process by which this device is made comprises the implantation of ions into an insulator. Surface charge on the insulator is discharged during implantation by an electron beam or by a thin conductive surface layer previously deposited on the insulator. Ion energy and dose are selected to embed ions into the insulating lattice to a sufficiently high local concentration to produce a zone of lower resistance which is the implanted zone. The dosage which presently appears to be a minimum dosage for providing a conductive zone in the insulative body is the order of 10.sup.18 ions per square centimeter. Beam currents upward from 10 microampers per centimeter square implanted areas are satisfactory.