Abstract: The present invention relates to systems incorporating, and uses of, hydrothermally dehydrated carbonaceous products, particularly from waste sources, that when activated provide for effective filters in water streams. The activated particles have high microporosity and provide an improved and affordable approach to decontamination of water sources. The invention further includes preparation of such systems, including steps of hydrothermal dehydration, optional carbonization, and physical activation.

Abstract: A method of using carbon dioxide and low pH effluent from prior processing batches for synthesizing-carbon particles or hydrochar from carbohydrate/water solution formulations and conversion of aqueous feedstock containing carbohydrate waste. The hydrochar is a precursor material containing biochar solids and an acidic effluent. The hydrochar can be separated into solids (biochar) and liquid where the solids can be used for preparing a variety of carbonaceous products such as activated carbon. The carbohydrate/water formulation is heated in a pressure vessel converting solid waste to hydrochar forming uniform stable carbon nuclei and converting the aqueous carbohydrates in solution to solid spherical carbon particles. Microwave-assisted or inductive heating can be used as a preprocessing step to increase formation of carbon nuclei to accelerate growth of the carbon particles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to systems incorporating, and uses of, hydrothermally dehydrated carbonaceous products, particularly from waste sources, that when activated provide for effective filters in water streams. The activated particles have high microporosity and provide an improved and affordable approach to decontamination of water sources. The invention further includes preparation of such systems, including steps of hydrothermal dehydration, optional carbonization, and physical activation.

Abstract: A method of vacuum densification and simultaneous alignment of mineral components formed inside biomineralized organoids includes providing a pressing die system that includes a push rod arranged within a sleeve, a sample chamber, and a semi-porous support plate equipped with a vacuum pump system. A hydrated biomineralized organoid sample, including a mineral component, is inserted into the sample chamber. The biomineralized organoid sample is mechanically compressed by exerting a force via the push rod so that a solid fraction of the biomineralized organoid sample is compressed while a portion of a liquid fraction passes through the semi-porous support plate, thereby leaving the biomineralized organoid sample in a partially dehydrated state. The portion of the liquid fraction that passes through the semi-porous support plate is removed via the vacuum pump system.

Abstract: An electrode including fluorinated and surface defluorinated coal is described, as well as methods of producing such and employing such within an electrical system. The coal in the electrodes is fluorinated at an amount of between 0.3 and 1.4. The resulting coal products can be further surface defluorinated and maintain functionality within an electrical system.

Abstract: An electrode including fluorinated and surface defluorinated coal is described, as well as methods of producing such and employing such within an electrical system. The coal in the electrodes is fluorinated at an amount of between 0.3 and 1.4. The resulting coal products can be further surface defluorinated and maintain functionality within an electrical system.

Abstract: A composition generally includes carbon particles. The particles are prepared by dissolving a carbohydrate-based precursor in water to form a precursor solution and placing the precursor solution in a pressure vessel. The precursor solution is placed in a pressure vessel. The pressure vessel is heated to a reaction temperature to form carbon particles. The carbon particles are subjected to a chemical activation and a physical activation. The composition includes, by weight, about 5% to about 30% oxygen.

Abstract: A composition generally includes carbon particles. The particles are prepared by dissolving a carbohydrate-based precursor in water to form a precursor solution and placing the precursor solution in a pressure vessel. The precursor solution is placed in a pressure vessel. The pressure vessel is heated to a reaction temperature to form carbon particles. The carbon particles are subjected to a chemical activation and a physical activation. The composition includes, by weight, about 5% to about 30% oxygen.

Abstract: An electrolyte system for a hybrid flow battery has a manganese based anolyte and a manganese based catholyte.

Abstract: An electrolyte system for a flow battery has an anolyte including [Fe(CN)6]3? and [Fe(CN)6]4? and a catholyte including Fe2+ and Fe3+.

Abstract: An electrolyte system for a hybrid flow battery has a manganese based anolyte and a manganese based catholyte.

Abstract: An electrolyte system for a flow battery has an anolyte including [Fe(CN)6]3? and [Fe(CN)6]4? and a catholyte including Fe2+ and Fe3+.

Abstract: Enhanced methods for preparing activated carbons have been discovered. In order to form an activated carbon, a carbon precursor material is coated with a phosphorus based chemical solution and physically activated. An activated carbon may also be formed by coating a green carbon precursor with a chemical solution that chemically reacts with carbon, carbonizing the resulting material, and physically activating the material during at least a portion of the carbonizing step. An activated carbon may also be formed by milling a carbon material to a predetermined particle size, then activating the milled particles. In another enhancement, an activated carbon is formed by coating a carbon or carbon precursor with nanoparticles, carbonizing if the carbon is a carbon precursor, then catalytically activating in air and an inert gas, and physically activating in steam or carbon dioxide. An activated carbon may also be formed by physically activating a previously chemically activated carbon.

Abstract: A composition generally includes carbon particles. The particles are prepared by dissolving a carbohydrate-based precursor in water to form a precursor solution and placing the precursor solution in a pressure vessel. The precursor solution is placed in a pressure vessel. The pressure vessel is heated to a reaction temperature to form carbon particles. The carbon particles are subjected to a chemical activation and a physical activation. The composition includes, by weight, about 5% to about 30% oxygen.

Abstract: A composition generally includes carbon particles. The particles are prepared by dissolving a carbohydrate-based precursor in water to form a precursor solution and placing the precursor solution in a pressure vessel. The precursor solution is placed in a pressure vessel. The pressure vessel is heated to a reaction temperature to form carbon particles. The carbon particles are subjected to a chemical activation and a physical activation. The composition includes, by weight, about 5% to about 30% oxygen.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to asymmetric supercapacitors containing: a positive electrode comprising a current collector and a first active material selected from a layered double hydroxide of formula [M2+1?xMx3+(OH)2]An?x/n·mH2O where M2+ is at least one divalent metal, M3+ is at least one trivalent metal and A is an anion of charge n?, where x is greater than zero and less than 1, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4 and m is 0 to 10; LiCoO2; LiCoxNiyO2 where x and y are greater than zero and less than 1; LiCoxNiyMn(1?x?y)O2 where x and y are greater than zero and less than 1; CoSx where x is from 1 to 1.5; MoS; Zn; activated carbon and graphite; a negative electrode containing a material selected from a carbonaceous active material, MoO3 and Li1xMoO6?x/2; an aqueous electrolyte solution or a non-aqueous ionic conducting electrolyte solution containing a salt and a salt and a non-aqueous solution; and a separator plate. Alternatively, the electrolyte can be a solid electrolyte.

Abstract: Activated carbon blacks and the enhanced methods of preparing activated carbon blacks have been discovered. In order to form an activated carbon black, a conductive carbon black is coated with nanoparticles containing metal, and then catalytically activated in steam and an inert gas to form a catalytically activated mesoporous carbon black, where the mass of the catalytically activated carbon black is lower than the mass of the carbon black. The nanoparticles may serve as catalysts for activation rugosity of mesoporous carbon blacks. The catalytically activated carbon black material may be used in all manner of devices that contain carbon materials.

Abstract: Deposition of nanoparticles onto carbon surfaces is described. Metal and/or metal oxide ions are deposited on a carbon surface by electrodeposition, such as by immersing a carbon and an anode in a salt bath, and applying a number of electrical pulses having a defined pulse width. The size, coverage density, and metallic composition of the nanoparticles may be affected by the pulse width of the electrical pulses, the number of electrical pulses, and the chemical composition of the salt bath, respectively. The carbon may be anodized before electrodeposition. If the carbon is a carbon precursor, after electrodeposition, the carbon precursor is carbonized to form a carbon. After electrodeposition, the carbon may be activated to form an activated carbon. The nanoparticles may serve as catalysts for activation rugosity of mesoporous carbons. The catalytically activated carbon materials may be used in all manner of devices that contain carbon materials.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to asymmetric supercapacitors containing: a positive electrode comprising a current collector and a first active material selected from a layered double hydroxide of formula [M2+1?xMx3+(OH)2]An?x/n·mH2O where M2+ is at least one divalent metal, M3+ is at least one trivalent metal and A is an anion of charge n?, where x is greater than zero and less than 1, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4 and m is 0 to 10; LiCoO2; LiCoxNiyO2 where x and y are greater than zero and less than 1; LiCoxNiyMn(1?x?y)O2 where x and y are greater than zero and less than 1; CoSx where x is from 1 to 1.5; MoS; Zn; activated carbon and graphite; a negative electrode containing a material selected from a carbonaceous active material, MoO3 and Li1xMoO6?x/2; an aqueous electrolyte solution or a non-aqueous ionic conducting electrolyte solution containing a salt and a salt and a non-aqueous solution; and a separator plate. Alternatively, the electrolyte can be a solid electrolyte.

Abstract: Asymmetric supercapacitors comprise: a positive electrode comprising a current collector and a first active material selected from the group consisting of manganese dioxide, silver oxide, iron sulfide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium iron phosphate, and a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing active materials; a negative electrode comprising a carbonaceous active material; an aqueous electrolyte solution selected from the group consisting of aqueous solutions of hydroxides of alkali metals, aqueous solutions of carbonates of alkali metals, aqueous solutions of chlorides of alkali metals, aqueous solutions of sulfates of alkali metals, aqueous solutions of nitrates of alkali metals, and a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing aqueous solutions; and a separator plate. Alternatively, the electrolyte can be a non-aqueous ionic conducting electrolyte or a solid electrolyte.