Abstract: An energy cell for producing electrical energy and a fuel being a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen from aqueous solutions of hydronium and oxyanions. The aqueous solution of hydronium ions is delivered to a cathode in a cathode compartment where the ions are reduced by contact with a precious metal cathode. The aqueous solution of oxyanions is delivered to an anode in an anode compartment where the ions are reduced by contact with a precious metal cathode. Electrical potential between anode and cathode is available as a source of electrical energy. Hydrogen from the cathode department and oxygen from the anode compartment are combusted to provide heat in a combustion compartment.

Abstract: A method for increasing concentration a solution of ions in a solvent which includes the steps of reducing the temperature of the solution to a temperature slightly below the freezing temperature of the pure solvent, mechanically breaking up the frozen portion of the partially frozen solution so as to form a slush, separating the frozen portion from the ion enriched liquid filtrate.

Abstract: A method and application of a disinfecting solution which comprises adding to an acid the chemical equivalent of a metal chloride plus a metal compound wherein the metal compound is one of a hydride, oxide or hydroxide and the metal is selected to form a precipitate with said acid. The precipitate is filtered from the solution leaving a deanionated chlorided hydronium complex that is non corrosive to human tissue yet has powerful disinfecting properties. Calcium is the preferred metal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing a group of species of metal ions from an aqueous solution to be purified which involves the steps for each species in succession of adjusting the pH of the aqueous solution to a value where hydroxide precipitates of said species in its highest valency state are insoluble, then passing the aqueous solution through an ion state modification cell to raise the valence of the respective species to its highest valency state thus causing the ion specie to form the insoluble hydroxide, then removing the precipitated hydroxide from the aqueous solution by appropriate steps of settling and press filtering. A magnetic field is imposed between the electrodes which improves the efficiency of the ion state modification step.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for removing hydrocarbon contaminants and heavy metal ion contaminants from wastewater stream comprising the introduction of iron ions into the stream. In one embodiment, the ions are introduced by applying an electrical current through a bed of iron particulates in the form of steel wool and iron nodules. In another embodiment, the iron salts are added to the waste stream and the iron ions are reduced to a more reactive lower valence state by electric current.

Abstract: A solution for cleaning metal surfaces particularly non ferrous alloys such as copper, brass and high strength aluminum alloys. The solution is prepared by mixing Ca(OH).sub.2 and KOH with equivalent sulfuric acid in water then passing the solution through a 10 micron filter. the resulting concentrate can be used full strength or diluted depending on the degree of surface oxidation of the metal to be treated.

Abstract: A clear solution and a method for preparing the solution which has a pH in the range of from 10 to 13.9 and containing sulfate ions in a concentration range less than 500 parts per million. The solution is prepared by mixing two solutions in which one solution has one equivalent of magnesium sulfate and an equivalent of sulfuric acid and the second solution has an equivalent of Ca (OH).sub.2 and two equivalents of K.sub.2 OH. It is believed that CaSO.sub.4 precipitates in the mixed solution and causes coprecipitation of potassium, perhaps as double salt with the Ca leaving OH stabilized by hydration and magnesium ions.

Abstract: A solution for cleaning metal surfaces particularly non ferrous alloys such as copper, brass and high strength aluminum alloys. The solution is prepared by mixing Ca(OH).sub.2 and KOH with equivalent sulfuric acid in water then passing the solution through a 10 micron filter. The resulting concentrate can be used full strength or diluted depending on the degree of surface oxidation of the metal to be treated.

Abstract: An apparatus for destroying bacterial pathogens including at least one pair of electrodes secured in a housing configured to constrain flow of water through the region between the electrodes. In one construction, the electrodes are supported in a tube with sides of each member of an electrode pair conforming to the inner surface of the tube and electrode surfaces form a slotted space through which the water passes. The electrodes and space between the electrodes are also subject to a magnetic field which reduces rate of deposition of calacerous deposits on the electrode surfaces thereby extending the period of time between required cleaning of the electrodes. The electrodes can be simple slabs or screens or both. The electrodes are preferably tin, titanium, brass, iron or stainless steel.

Abstract: A solution and solution concentrate for cleaning metal surfaces, particularly aluminum surfaces in which CaO or Ca (OH).sub.2 is added to sulfuric acid to raise the pH to about 13.1 after which the solution is passed through an eleven micron filter and potassium hydroxide is added to raise the pH to greater than 13.8. The resulting concentrate is diluted with water to an appropriate degree, generally 15 parts concentrate to 85 parts of water such as to bring the pH down to a working range of 8.5 to 11.0, degree of dilution depending on the usage.

Abstract: A set of magnetic assemblies for treating fluids including water and liquid and gaseous fuels wherein each assembly includes a construction of permanent magnets and pole pieces arranged to optimize a "Figure of merit" number defined as the integral of the absolute value of magnetic field intensity over region occupied by the fluid. In one embodiment, each assembly includes an elongated magnet with permeable pole pieces at each end bent back toward each other to form a gap equal to one half the length of the magnet. In another arrangement, each assembly includes a permanent magnet having a pole piece leading around toward the flux surface at the other end of the magnet, adjacent to the fluid carrier. Dimensions of the area of the pole end surface are selected based on the permeability of the pole piece, magnetization intensity of the permanent magnet material and pipe diameter to maximize the Figure of merit. Figure of merit is maximized by placing an odd number of assemblies around the conduit.