Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a detection system for detecting a failure in a fluid path of a fluid system, the detection system including: at least one pipe comprising a pipe wall which defines a fluid path for the transfer of fluid and at least one electrically conductive element extending along the at least one pipe and which forms an electrical signal path for a first electrical signal which indicates a state of the at least one pipe; and, an electrical terminal electrically connected to the at least one electrically conductive element so that the first electrical signal is transmitted to the electrical terminal via the electrical signal path.

Abstract: Methods and systems for reducing unsolicited electronic messages through variable pricing and conditional redemption are provided. Each ticket may have an associated value that is specified by a sender of an electronic message. This is referred to as “variable pricing.” A ticket in a message acts as a guarantee that the ticket server will redeem the ticket for the value. Upon reviewing a message with a ticket, the recipient may choose to redeem the ticket, which is referred to as “conditional redemption.” If the ticket is redeemed, then the ticket server debits the sender's account so that the sender has effectively paid to send the message.