Abstract: A heated extruder for 3D printing of a cementitious material can include a mixing and deposition nozzle including a hopper in communication with a mixing tube, where the mixing tube can be in communication with a deposition tip. A heating element can be disposed on an outside surface of the mixing tube and configured to transfer heat to an interior portion of the mixing tube. An auger including a flight having a perforation can be disposed within the mixing tube. The auger can be configured to promote mixing and pumping of the cementitious material through the mixing tube to provide a homogeneous distribution of heat throughout the cementitious material when the heating element transfers heat to the interior portion of the mixing tube.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a packaging material having at least two films (12, 16) or foils (14) bonded together via at least one layer of adhesive (13,15) to give a multi-layer laminate (10), is such that the adhesive layers (13,15) are of an adhesive that cures under electron beam radiation, and the laminate (10) is radiated with electrons for the purpose of curing the adhesive. The laminate is particularly suitable for the manufacture of self-standing pouches, in particular for drinks. The production of the laminate using adhesives that cure under electron beam radiation leads to a significantly reduced throughput time and to a reduction in the emission of solvents when replacing solvent-based adhesives by electron beam curing adhesives.