Abstract: A conductivity sensor for use in a steam turbine in operation to monitor corrodents being deposited therein. The sensor comprises a bottom substrate on which an electrode pair is located. The bottom substrate also includes a means for measuring the temperature at the bottom substrate. A first layer of dielectric material is bonded to the top of the bottom substrate. The first layer has an aperture formed therein so that an end of the electrode pair is located in the aperture. A second layer of dielectric material is bonded to the top of the first layer. The second layer defines a crevice for entrapping steam-transported corrodents that are deposited in the turbine. A portion of the bottom of the crevice includes the aperture so that corrodents are also deposited in the aperture. By passing a current between the ends of the electrodes located in the aperture, a measure of the conductivity and thus the concentration of corrodents deposited in the aperture and crevice is given.

Abstract: A speed and location programmer located at a particular train station is used to prepare a non-volatile program that may be used by an on board microcomputer to control the speed of a train. The program includes train orders, track conditions, and other relevant information, such as size, length and capacity of the train which may be obtained from a centralized location. The program is fed into a microcomputer which monitors the speed and distance of the train and compares it with the program. If the parameters as contained in the program are exceeded, either the throttle would be reduced or the brakes applied to regulate the speed of the train. A trip history of the train may be extracted at the next train station to determine the operation of the train by the engineer. An override system is included to eliminate the function of the microcomputer in case of emergency. Sensors may be used to determine the number of rotations of the train wheel and thereby compute the speed and distance of the train.