Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for optimizing a process of manufacturing a product. In one aspect, the method comprises repeatedly performing the following: i) selecting a configuration of input settings for manufacturing a product, based on a causal model that measures causal relationships between input settings and a measure of a quality of the product; ii) determining the measure of the quality of the product manufactured using the configuration of input settings; and iii) adjusting, based on the measure of the quality of the product manufactured using the configuration of input settings, the causal model.

Abstract: A method for using an autonomous vehicle includes receiving one or more user preferences for use of the autonomous vehicle. A destination is received for a trip using the autonomous vehicle. An arrival time is received for when the trip needs to be completed. A determination is made as to whether the user preferences includes a preference for physical activity for the trip. One or more routes are provided for the trip to the destination that permits the trip to be completed by the arrival time and that implements at least one of the user preferences. At least one of the routes comprises a hybrid route including one segment in which a physical activity selected by the user is suggested for traversing a distance of the one segment and another segment using the autonomous vehicle.

Abstract: DNA ligase activity is strongly accelerated in the presence of high concentrations of non-specific polymers, with an accompanying change in product distribution characteristics. The rate of blunt-end ligation of DNA substrate by T4 DNA ligase is particularly affected, with a product shift from closed circular species to linear oligomers. The method provides a way to increase the rate of enzymatic DNA ligation and the size of the linear products. It may be useful when preparing large amounts of polymers by ligation of oligomers or when ligating amounts of DNA or deoxyribooligomers so low in concentration that a reduced yield would otherwise result.