Abstract: An output clock frequency of an adaptive oscillator circuit changes in response to noise on an integrated circuit power supply line. The circuit features two identical delay lines which are separately connected to a regulated supply and a droopy supply. In response to noise on the droopy supply, the delay lines cause a change in the output clock frequency. The adaptive oscillator circuit slows down the output clock frequency when the droopy supply droops or falls below the regulated supply. The adaptive oscillator circuit clamps the output clock frequency at a level determined by the regulated supply when the droopy supply overshoots or swings above the regulated supply.

Abstract: A method of ionising a sample is disclosed comprising nebulising a sample which includes monoclonal antibody (“mAb”) molecules. A stream of monoclonal antibody droplets or charged droplets is directed so as to impact upon a target or electrode so as to form intact parent monoclonal antibody ions, intact minus light chain parent monoclonal antibody ions or light chain (“LC”) fragment monoclonal antibody ions.

Abstract: A method of ionising a sample is disclosed comprising nebulising a sample which includes monoclonal antibody (“mAb”) molecules. A stream of monoclonal antibody droplets or charged droplets is directed so as to impact upon a target or electrode so as to form intact parent monoclonal antibody ions, intact minus light chain parent monoclonal antibody ions or light chain (“LC”) fragment monoclonal antibody ions.

Abstract: An Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation (“APCI”) ion source is disclosed comprising a housing 14 having a corona discharge chamber 1, a reaction chamber 2 and a passage 6 connecting the corona discharge chamber 1 to the reaction chamber 2. Reagent ions are formed in the corona discharge chamber 1 and pass to the reaction chamber 2 via the passage 6. Analyte is sprayed into a heated tube 3. Low to moderately polar analyte molecules pass from the heated tube 3 into the reaction chamber 2 whereupon the analyte molecules are ionised by interacting with reagent ions. In contrast, highly polar analytes are ionised by thermal ionisation processes within the heated tube 3 and hence highly polar analyte ions pass into the reaction chamber 2. Analyte ions entering the reaction chamber 2 are substantially shielded from the effects of an electric field generated in the corona discharge chamber 1 as part of the process of generating reagent ions.