Abstract: The present disclosure provides labeling reagents for labeling substrates such as nucleotides, proteins, antibodies, lipids, and cells. The labeling reagents provided herein may comprise fluorescent labels and semi-rigid linkers. Methods for nucleic acid sequencing using materials comprising such labeling reagents are also provided here.

Abstract: A method generally improves the frequency accuracy in a communications system without requiring the use of accurate frequency references in all of the stations or types of stations. An accurate frequency reference is utilized in one of the stations or station types. The reference frequencies of the remaining stations or station types can be adjusted based upon the accurate reference frequency in one of the stations.

Abstract: A high-bandwidth continuous-flow arc furnace for stream welding applications includes a metal mass contained in a crucible having an orifice. A power source charges an electrode for generating an arc between the electrode and the mass. The arc heats the metal mass to a molten state. A pressurized gas source propels the molten metal mass through the crucible orifice in a continuous stream. As the metal is ejected, a metal feeder replenishes the molten metal bath. A control system regulates the electrode current, shielding gas pressure, and metal source to provide a continuous flow of molten metal at the crucible orifice. Independent control over the electrode current and shield gas pressure decouples the metal flow temperature and the molten metal flow rate, improving control over resultant weld characteristics.

Abstract: A phase-locked-loop circuit for a radio transceiver operative to transmit and to receive modulated signals during nonconcurrent time periods. During time periods in which the radio transceiver is to generate and to transmit a modulated signal, the phase-locked-loop circuit is connected to the transmitter portion of the transceiver. During time periods in which the radio transceiver is to receive a modulated signal, the phase-locked-loop circuit is connected to the receiver portion of the transceiver. A switch, preferably comprised of a multiplexer, alternately connects the phase-locked-loop with the transmitter portion and the receiver portion of the transceiver.