Abstract: A solid lignocellulosic fuel composition is produced from combining the syrup co-product of a lignocellulosic biomass fermentation process and an additional fuel component. The syrup is an excellent binder for a powdery fuel material that is not readily handled. The fuel composition is further processed to form briquettes, pellets and the like.

Abstract: A solid lignocellulosic fuel composition is produced from combining the syrup co-product of a lignocellulosic biomass fermentation process and an additional fuel component. The syrup is an excellent binder for a powdery fuel material that is not readily handled. The fuel composition is further processed to form briquettes, pellets and the like.

Abstract: A solid lignocellulosic fuel composition is produced from combining the syrup co-product of a lignocellulosic biomass fermentation process and an additional fuel component. The syrup is an excellent binder for a powdery fuel material that is not readily handled. The fuel composition is further processed to form briquettes, pellets and the like.

Abstract: A solid lignocellulosic fuel composition is produced from combining the syrup co-product of a lignocellulosic biomass fermentation process and an additional fuel component. The syrup is an excellent binder for a powdery fuel material that is not readily handled. The fuel composition is further processed to form briquettes, pellets and the like.

Abstract: A process for reducing the fluorosurfactant content of a stabilized fluorosurfactant-containing aqueous fluoropolymer dispersion by passing dispersion through a first fixed bed of anion exchange resin to reduce fluorosurfactant content. The first fixed bed has a working zone which moves though the column as the ion exchange resin is saturated. The process includes monitoring a property of the dispersion as the dispersion exits the fixed bed to determine break though of the working zone indicating saturation of the fixed bed. The property being monitored is selected from the group consisting of pH and conductivity.

Abstract: A process for reducing fluorosurfactant content of a stabilized fluorosurfactant-containing aqueous fluoropolymer dispersion comprising passing said stabilized fluorosurfactant-containing aqueous fluoropolymer dispersion through a fixed bed of ion exchange resin beads comprising a polymer and functional groups to reduce fluorosurfactant content, the ion exchange resin beads being monodisperse.

Abstract: A fluorocarboxylic acid preparation process which includes hydrolyzing fluorocarboxylic acid fluoride in the presence of an aqueous sulfuric acid solution to form a reaction product containing a fluorocarboxylic acid and hydrogen fluoride (present as hydrofluoric acid); and removing at least some of the hydrogen fluoride from the reaction product by washing the reaction production with aqueous sulfuric acid solution. The hydrolyzing and washing are carried out at a temperature at which the fluorocarboxylic acid is a liquid.

Abstract: A fluorocarboxylic acid preparation process continuously carries out acidification reaction treatment and washing treatment, and includes subjecting a fluorocarboxylate-containing aqueous solution to acidification reaction treatment in the presence of sulfuric acid so as to form a sulfate-containing fluorocarboxylic acid phase; and subjecting the fluorocarboxylic acid phase to washing treatment using an aqueous sulfuric acid solution.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the separation of a mixture of HF and CF3CClFCF3. The process involves placing the mixture in a separation zone at a temperature of from about −30° C. to about 100° C. and at a pressure sufficient to maintain the mixture in the liquid phase, whereby an organic-enriched phase comprising less than 50 mole percent HF is formed as the bottom layer and an HF-enriched phase comprising more than 90 mole percent HF is formed as the top layer. The organic-enriched phase can be withdrawn from the bottom of the separation zone and subjected to distillation in a distillation column to recover essentially pure CF3CClFCF3. The distillate comprising HF and CF3CClFCF3 can be removed from the top of the distillation column while essentially pure CF3CClFCF3 can be recovered from the bottom of the distillation column. The HF-enriched phase can be withdrawn from the top of the separation zone and subjected to distillation in a distillation column.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a compound of Formula 3 wherein X is H, F or Cl; Y is F or Cl; R1 is C1-C3 haloalkyl, C2-C4 alkoxyalkyl; C2-C6 haloalkoxyalkyl or C2-C6 cyanoalkyl; R2 is H, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C3-C4 alkenyl, C3-C4 alkynyl, C2-C4 alkoxyalkyl, C2-C4 alkylcarbonyl or C2-C4 alkoxycarbonyl; R3 is H or OH; and R4 is H, F or Cl; provided that when R3 is H then R4 is F or Cl and when R3 is OH then R4 is H.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing the pentfluropropenes of the formula CF3CX═CF2, where X is H or Cl. The process involves hydrodehalogenating CF3CCl2CF3 with hydrogen at an elevated temperature in the vapor phase over a catalyst comprising an elemental metal, metal oxide, metal halide and/or metal oxyhalide (the metal being copper, nickel, chromium and the halogen of said halides and said oxyhalides being fluorine and/or chlorine. Processes for producing the hydrofluorocarbons CF3CH2CHF2, CF3CHFCF3 and CF3CH2CF3 are also disclosed which involve (a) hydrodehalogenating CF3CCl2CF3 with the hydrogen as indicated above to produce a product comprising CF3CCl═CF2, CF3CH═CF2, HCl and HF; and (b) either reacting the CF3CCl═CF2 and/or CF3CH═CF2 produced in (a) in the vapor phase with hydrogen to produce CF3CH2CHF2, reacting CF3CCl═CF2 produced in (a) with HF to produce CF3CHFCF3, or reacting the CF3CH═CF2produced in (a) with HF to produce CF3CH2CF3.

Abstract: This invention is directed to compounds and intermediates of Formulae (6 and 3), useful in preparing herbicidal sulfonamides of Formula (1), including all geometric and stereoisomers thereof, and agricultural salts thereof, wherein X is H, F or Cl; Y is F or Cl; R1 is C1-C3 haloalkyl, C2-C4 alkoxyalkyl; C2-C6 haloalkoxyalkyl or C2-C6 cyanoalkyl; R2 is H, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl; C3-C4 alkenyl, C3-C4 alkynyl, C2-C4 alkoxyalkyl, C2-C4 alkylcarbonyl or C2-C4 alkoxycarbonyl; R3 is H or OH; R4 is H, F or Cl; and R5 is F or Cl; provided that when R3 is H then R4 is F or Cl and when R3 is OH then R4 is H.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing the pentfluropropenes of the formula CF3CX=CF2, where X is H or Cl. The process involves hydrodehalogenating CF3CCl2CF3 with hydrogen at an elevated temperature in the vapor phase over a catalyst comprising an elemental metal, metal oxide, metal halide and/or metal oxyhalide (the metal being copper, nickel, chromium and the halogen of said halides and said oxyhalides being fluorine and/or chlorine. Processes for producing the hydrofluorocarbons CF3CH2CHF2, CF3CHFCF3 and CF3CH2CF3 are also disclosed which involve (a) hydrodehalogenating CF3CCl2CF3 with the hydrogen as indicated above to produce a product comprising CF3CCl=CF2, CF3CH=CF2, HCl and HF; and (b) either reacting the CF3CCl=CF2 and/or CF3CH=CF2 produced in (a) in the vapor phase with hydrogen to produce CF3CH2CHF2, reacting CF3CCl=CF2 produced in (a) with HF to produce CF3CHFCF3, or reacting the CF3CH=CF2produced in (a) with HF to produce CF3CH2CF3.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the separation of a mixture of HF and CF3CCl2CF3. The process involves placing the mixture in a separation zone at a temperature of from about 0° C. to about 100° C. and at a pressure sufficient to maintain the mixture in the liquid phase, whereby an organic-enriched phase comprising less than 69 mole percent HF is formed as the bottom layer and an HF-enriched phase comprising more than 90 mole percent HF is formed as the top layer. The organic-enriched phase can be withdrawn from the bottom of the separation zone and subjected to distillation in a distillation column to recover essentially pure CF3CCl2CF3. The distillate comprising HF and CF3CCl2CF3 can be removed from the top of the distillation column, while essentially pure CF3CCl2CF3 can be recovered from the bottom of the distillation column. Also, the HF-enriched phase can be withdrawn from the top of the separation zone and subjected to distillation in a distillation column.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane and/or 1,1, 1,3,3-pentafluoropropene from (CF.sub.3).sub.2 CHCOOH and/or its water soluble salts. The process involves providing a mixture containing water and such carboxy compound(s) which has a pH of less than about 4, and reacting the mixture at a temperature of at least about 75.degree. C. Certain ether compounds may be included in the mixture along with (CF.sub.3).sub.2 CHCOOH and/or its water soluble salts. The reaction of the carboxy (and optionally ether) compound(s) with water may be employed in connection with a process for producing tetrafluoroethylene and/or hexafluoropropylene by pyrolysis, where by-product perfluoroisobutylene is reacted with water (and optionally an alkanol) to produce (CF.sub.3).sub.2 CHCOOH (and optionally one or more ether compounds).

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane and/or 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropene from (CF.sub.3).sub.2 CHCOOH and/or its water soluble salts. The process involves providing a mixture containing water and such carboxy compound(s) which has a pH of less than about 4, and reacting the mixture at a temperature of at least about 75.degree. C. Certain ether compounds may be included in the mixture along with (CF.sub.3)2 CHCOOH and/or its water soluble salts. The reaction of the carboxy (and optionally ether) compound(s) with water may be employed in connection with a process for producing tetrafluoroethylene and/or hexafluoropropylene by pyrolysis, where by-product perfluoroisobutylene is reacted with water (and optionally an alkanol) to produce (CF.sub.3).sub.2 CHCOOH (and optionally one or more ether compounds).

Abstract: The fluorine content of an acyclic saturated compound of the formula C.sub.n F.sub.a X.sub.b H.sub.c (wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Cl and Br, and wherein n is 1 to 6, a is 1 to 13, b is 0 to 12, c is 1 to 9, and a+b+c equals 2n+2) is reduced by reacting the acyclic saturated compound with HCl in the vapor phase at an elevated temperature in the presence of a catalyst, the mole ratio of HCl to the acyclic saturated compound being at least about 1:1.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the conversion of halogenated methanes of the formula CCl.sub.y H.sub.2-y F.sub.2 (wherein y is 1 or 2) to a mixture of conversion products. The process involves reacting certain halogenated hydrocarbon feeds and hydrogen (wherein said halogenated methanes are at least one mole percent of the halogenated hydrocarbon feed) in a reaction vessel of alumina, silicon carbide or at least one metal selected from gold, chromium, aluminum, molybdenum, titanium, nickel, iron, cobalt, and their alloys at a temperature of from about 500.degree. C. to 800.degree. C. and a pressure from abut 101 kPa to 7000 kPa to produce a mixture of conversion products of said halogenated methanes which comprises at least 5 mole percent C.sub.2 H.sub.2 F.sub.4, wherein the mole ratio of CH.sub.2 FCF.sub.3 to CHF.sub.2 CHF.sub.2 in said C.sub.2 H.sub.2 F.sub.4 is at least about 1:9.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing CF.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CF.sub.3 and/or CF.sub.3 CH.dbd.CF.sub.2 from at least one ether compound selected from the group consisting of compounds having the formula (CF.sub.3).sub.2 CHCF.sub.2 OR and compounds having the formula (CF.sub.3).sub.2 C.dbd.CFOR (wherein R is an alkyl group of the formula C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 and n is an integer from 1 to 6) by contacting the ether compound(s) with water at an elevated temperature of at least about 75.degree. C. The reaction of ether compound(s) with water may be employed in connection with a process for producing tetrafluoroethylene and/or hexafluoropropylene by pyrolysis, where by-product perfluoroisobutylene is reacted with an alkanol to produce the ether compound(s).

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing CF.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CF.sub.3 and/or CF.sub.3 CH.dbd.CF.sub.2 from at least one ether compound selected from the group consisting of compounds having the formula (CF.sub.3).sub.2 CHCF.sub.2 OR and compounds having the formula (CF.sub.3).sub.2 C.dbd.CFOR (wherein R is an alkyl group of the formula C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 and n is an integer from 1 to 6) by contacting the ether compound(s) with water at an elevated temperature of at least about 75.degree. C. The reaction of ether compound(s) with water may be employed in connection with a process for producing tetrafluoroethylene and/or hexafluoropropylene by pyrolysis, where by-product perfluoroisobutylene is reacted with an alkanol to produce the ether compound (s).