Abstract: A phase change memory bridge cell comprising a dielectric layer located on top of a at least one electrode, wherein a trench is located in the dielectric layer. A first liner located at the bottom of the trench in the dielectric layer and the first liner is located on the sidewalls of the dielectric layer that forms the sidewalls of the trench. A phase change memory material located on top of the first liner, wherein a top surface of the phase change memory material is aligned with a top surface of the dielectric layer, wherein the dielectric layer is located adjacent to and surrounding the vertical sidewalls of the phase change memory material, wherein a top surface of the phase change memory material is flush with a top surface of the dielectric layer.

Abstract: A phase change memory (PCM) cell includes an electrode, a heater electrically connected to the electrode, a PCM material electrically connected to the heater, a second electrode electrically connected to the PCM material, an electrical insulator surrounding the PCM material, and a shield positioned between the PCM material and the electrical insulator, the shield comprising a reactive-ion-etching-resistant material.

Abstract: Methods of designing, installing and operating communications systems including multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna arrays are disclosed. The methods account for the diffusive nature, the polarization nature, and the multi-path nature of the environment in which the antenna arrays operate. According to the various methods, the antennas can be designed, installed and operated so as to provide improved information capacity based on the diffusive, polarization and multi-path nature of the environment in which they operate.

Abstract: A method of designing, fabricating and operating antennas is disclosed that considers the diffusive nature of the environment in which the antennas are to operate. Furthermore, the antennas can be designed, fabricated and operated so as to provide the optimal channel capacity possible given the diffusive nature of the environment in which they are to operate. The illustrative embodiment of the present invention comprises: describing an environment; describing a candidate antenna; determining a performance characteristic based on the candidate antenna with respect to the environment; and fabricating a first antenna in accordance with the candidate antenna.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, an optical waveguide comprising a longitudinally extending core housing an optical grating and a cladding layer peripherally surrounding the core, is provided with an outer surface of the cladding layer having one or more perturbations. Each perturbation has a height with respect to the core that varies by at least 0.1 times a Bragg wavelength of the grating over the surface of the perturbation and covers an extent of the outer surface whose linear dimensions are less than 1 cm. The perturbations suppress cladding mode spectra and reduce short wavelength cladding mode loss.