Abstract: Methods and apparatuses of the invention relate to reduction of a spread of microbes, in particular from a toilet into the environment. In one aspect, a method of reducing a spread of microbes is provided comprising: providing a pressurized water supply to a toilet bowl; providing an externally accessible reservoir containing an anti-microbial additive; providing a conduit comprising a first end in fluid communication with the pressurized water supply and a second end in fluid communication with the externally accessible reservoir; and administering the anti-microbial additive into the toilet bowl, through the conduit; wherein the spread of microbes into an environment proximal to the toilet is reduced.

Abstract: Methods for determining whether the brain activity of a human subject in response to a stimulus of interest or question of interest is characteristic of a state of interest, such as a deceptive state or a truthful state, are disclosed. Some methods include the use of control questions, including truthful control questions and deceptive control questions, to provide bases for comparison for responses to stimuli of interest or questions of interest. Some methods include the use of differences between two states, such as a deceptive state and a truthful state. In some methods, brain maps are generated and compared. Also disclosed are systems for detecting deception by measuring brain activity.

Abstract: Methods for determining whether the brain activity of a human subject in response to a stimulus of interest or question of interest is characteristic of a state of interest, such as a deceptive state or a truthful state, are disclosed. Some methods include the use of control questions, including truthful control questions and deceptive control questions, to provide bases for comparison for responses to stimuli of interest or questions of interest. Some methods include the use of differences between two states, such as a deceptive state and a truthful state. In some methods, brain maps are generated and compared. Also disclosed are systems for detecting deception by measuring brain activity.

Abstract: Methods for determining whether the brain activity of a human subject in response to a stimulus of interest or question of interest is characteristic of a state of interest, such as a deceptive state or a truthful state, are disclosed. Some methods include the use of control questions, including truthful control questions and deceptive control questions, to provide bases for comparison for responses to stimuli of interest or questions of interest. Some methods include the use of differences between two states, such as a deceptive state and a truthful state. In some methods, brain maps are generated and compared. Also disclosed are systems for detecting deception by measuring brain activity.

Abstract: Methods of the invention comprise assays for markers indicative of cancer, precancer, and other diseases or disorders. Assays of the invention are preformed on heterogeneous samples obtained from patients by non-invasive or minimally-invasive methods.

Abstract: Genotyping can be accomplished by analysis of short, defined DNA segments using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The DNA segments are produced using specially designed primers to amplify a cDNA or genomic DNA template. The primers contain a recognition site for a restriction endonuclease. The amplification products are digested with the restriction endonuclease. Single nucleotide polymorphisms can be detected rapidly and reliably.

Abstract: The invention provides methods of screening for disease in a patient by performing a non-invasive or minimally invasive genetic assay on a sample from the patient to detect characteristics indicative of the presence of a disease in the sample at a predetermined time following the performance of a diagnostic procedure on a patient to detect characteristics indicative of the presence of a disease. Methods of this invention are useful in screening for cancer.

Abstract: Methods of the invention comprise assays for markers indicative of cancer, precancer, and other diseases or disorders. Assays of the invention are preformed on heterogeneous samples obtained from patients by non-invasive or minimally-invasive methods. Such assays may be employed alone or in combination with other disease screening techniques.