Abstract: An integrated sensor (110) includes a temperature sensor (202) configured to measure the absolute temperature of internal air exhaled from the body at the nasal ala, and the absolute temperature of external air inhaled into the body at the nasal ala. A system (100) is adapted to estimate an internal (core) temperature and to estimate ambient temperature at an application site of the integrated sensor (110).

Abstract: A system for monitoring a patient is described. The system includes a first sensor disposed at a central site, and adapted to provide a first signal; a second sensor disposed at a distal site, and adapted to provide a second signal; a processor; and a memory that stores executable instructions. When executed by the processor, the instructions cause the processor to: correlate a first perfusion index based on the first signal from the first sensor and a second perfusion index based on the second signal from the second sensor, and determine a trend based analysis of perfusion based on the first signal and in the second signal.