Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, methods, and computer program products for inspection of objects or items in a conveyance system. Presence (or absence) of an object/item or objects/items is detected sensed and also one or more characteristics of the object/item can be determined based image detection of characteristics of one or more laser lines projected on a conveyance surface of the conveyance system.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, methods, and computer program products for inspection of objects or items in a conveyance system. Presence (or absence) of an object/item or objects/items is detected sensed and also one or more characteristics of the object/item can be determined based image detection of characteristics of one or more laser lines projected on a conveyance surface of the conveyance system.

Abstract: A method of determining a mean for a data set of data element values. A form of a probability density function statistical distribution is selected for each data element of the data set, based on the value of that data element. Then a mean of the probability density function of each data element is estimated, by, e.g., a digital or analog processing technique. The estimated mean of each data element's probability density function is then designated as the mean for that data element. In a method of normalizing a data set of data element values based on estimated probability density function means of the data set, each data element value in the data set is processed based on the estimated mean of the probability density function of that data element to normalize each data element value, producing a normalized data set.