Abstract: A registration marker comprising a radiotransparent substrate and a pattern formed in at least two dimensions, which is disposed on the substrate and is optically visible. The registration marker also has a multiplicity of radiopaque elements, which are disposed in the substrate and are spatially arranged in at least two dimensions to provide a unique pattern.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are described including tracking a tool portion and a patient marker from a first line of sight, using a first tracking device disposed upon a first head-mounted device that includes a display. The tool portion and the patient marker are tracked from a second line of sight, using a second tracking device. When a portion of the patient marker and the tool portion are both within the first line of sight, an augmented reality image is generated upon the first display based upon data received from the first tracking device and without using data from the second tracking device. When at least the patient marker portion and the tool portion are not both within the first line of sight, a virtual image of the tool and anatomy of the patient is generated using data 10 received from the second tracking device. Other applications are also described.

Abstract: A tool adapter, consisting of an adapter arm having a proximal end terminating with a connection and a distal end having a circular coupling, the circular coupling having a center and defining an axis orthogonal to the circular coupling and passing through the center. The adapter also has a tool grip rotatingly connected to the circular coupling so as to permit rotation of the tool grip about the axis, the tool grip being configured to fixedly retain a tool along the axis.

Abstract: Apparatus, including a retaining structure (54), positioned near a subject's eye that has a pupil with a diameter, an optical combiner (52A) mounted on the structure before the eye, and a pixelated screen (60A) having an array of variably transparent pixels coating the combiner. There is an image capturing device (68A) mounted on the structure to capture an image of a scene viewed by the eye, and a projector (64A) is mounted on the structure to project at least one of a portion of the captured image and a stored image onto a section of the screen at a selected location thereof. A processor (26) renders the screen section at least partially opaque, selects the section location in response to a region of interest in the scene identified by analysis of the captured image, and determines a dimension of the section in response to the pupil diameter.

Abstract: A superconductor device includes a low-dimensional material with a critical temperature higher than a critical temperature corresponding to a bulk form of the low-dimensional material. The low-dimensional material can include shape and structural modifications of a low-dimensional material. The superconductor device can include various conformational arrangements of the low-dimensional material such as nanoribbons, nanotubes, or helices. The superconductor device can include functional groups, such as hydrogen, attached to the low-dimensional material. The superconductor device can include metallic clusters located in proximity to the low-dimensional material. The superconductor device can include a low-dimensional material which is a monolayer, bilayer or multilayer.

Abstract: A medical marking device, consisting of a radiotransparent plate having a first plurality of radiopaque elements embedded therein in a first predefined pattern and a second plurality of optical reflectors positioned on a surface in proximity to the plate in a second predefined pattern. The device also includes a sigmoid mounting arm having a first end connected to the radiotransparent plate and a second end containing one or more fastening receptacles.

Abstract: A marker (40) for image guided surgery, consisting of a base (94), having a base axis, connecting to a clamp (42), and an alignment target (44). The alignment target includes a target region (120) having an alignment pattern formed thereon, and a socket (124) connected to the target region and configured to fit rotatably to the base, whereby the alignment target is rotatable about the base axis. The alignment target also includes an optical indicator (162) for the socket indicating an angle of orientation of the alignment target about the base axis.

Abstract: A tool adapter, consisting of an adapter arm having a proximal end terminating with a connection and a distal end having a circular coupling, the circular coupling having a center and defining an axis orthogonal to the circular coupling and passing through the center. The adapter also has a tool grip rotatingly connected to the circular coupling so as to permit rotation of the tool grip about the axis, the tool grip being configured to fixedly retain a tool along the axis.

Abstract: A superconductor device includes a high superconductivity transition temperature enhanced from the raw material transition temperature. The superconductor device includes a matrix material and a core material. The enhancing matrix material and the core material together create a system of strongly coupled carriers. A plurality of low-dimensional conductive features can be embedded in the matrix. The low-dimensional conductive features (e.g., nanowires or nanoparticles) can be conductors or superconductors. An interaction between electrons of the low-dimensional conductive features and the enhancing matrix material can promote excitations that increase a superconductivity transition temperature of the superconductor device.

Abstract: An imaging system, including a head-mounted display worn by a system operator. A marker defines a plane when attached to a human subject. Optically reflective elements are disposed on the marker and on opposing sides of the plane in a non-symmetrical arrangement with respect to the plane. A memory stores a graphical representation of a tool used in a procedure performed on the human subject, and an image of anatomy of the human subject. A camera attached to the display acquires an image of the marker and the tool. A processor analyzes the image to identify the plane and to identify a side of the plane wherein the camera is located, and to render to the display the image of the anatomy of the human subject with the graphical representation of the tool superimposed thereon from a point of view in the identified side of the plane.

Abstract: Apparatus, including a retaining structure (54), positioned near a subject's eye that has a pupil with a diameter, an optical combiner (52A) mounted on the structure before the eye, and a pixelated screen (60A) having an array of variably transparent pixels coating the combiner. There is an image capturing device (68A) mounted on the structure to capture an image of a scene viewed by the eye, and a projector (64A) is mounted on the structure to project at least one of a portion of the captured image and a stored image onto a section of the screen at a selected location thereof. A processor (26) renders the screen section at least partially opaque, selects the section location in response to a region of interest in the scene identified by analysis of the captured image, and determines a dimension of the section in response to the pupil diameter.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are described including tracking a tool portion and a patient marker from a first line of sight, using a first tracking device disposed upon a first head-mounted device that includes a display. The tool portion and the patient marker are tracked from a second line of sight, using a second tracking device. When a portion of the patient marker and the tool portion are both within the first line of sight, an augmented reality image is generated upon the first display based upon data received from the first tracking device and without using data from the second tracking device. When at least the patient marker portion and the tool portion are not both within the first line of sight, a virtual image of the tool and anatomy of the patient is generated using data received from the second tracking device. Other applications are also described.

Abstract: A marker (40) for image guided surgery, consisting of a base (94), having a base axis, connecting to a clamp (42), and an alignment target (44). The alignment target includes a target region (120) having an alignment pattern formed thereon, and a socket (124) connected to the target region and configured to fit rotatably to the base, whereby the alignment target is rotatable about the base axis. The alignment target also includes an optical indicator (162) for the socket indicating an angle of orientation of the alignment target about the base axis.

Abstract: A medical marking device, consisting of a radiotransparent plate having a first plurality of radiopaque elements embedded therein in a first predefined pattern and a second plurality of optical reflectors positioned on a surface in proximity to the plate in a second predefined pattern. The device also includes a sigmoid mounting arm having a first end connected to the radiotransparent plate and a second end containing one or more fastening receptacles.

Abstract: Systems and methods for facilitating registration and validation of registration and/or transformation in connection with image-guided surgery or medical procedures are disclosed. The systems and methods may be used in connection with devices or systems including augmented reality near-eye displays.

Abstract: A method includes accessing a computerized tomography (CT) scan of a human subject and defining a first two-dimensional (2D) slice (200) of the scan and a second 2D slice (204) of the scan, so that the first and the second slices intersect in an intersection line (224) defining a desired trajectory. The method further includes overlaying on the intersection line an icon (250) representing an object used in a procedure on the human subject, and rendering a three-dimensional (3D) image (650) of the human subject, incorporating the overlayed icon, from the CT scan.

Abstract: According to various embodiments, a quantum-engineered superconductor metamaterial is formed with a plurality of structurally engineered superconductor nanophononic crystal nanostructures. Each superconductor nanophononic crystal nanostructure may be formed as a crystal of the superconductor material. Structural modifications are made to each superconductor nanophononic crystal nanostructure to alter a characteristic of a phonon mode of the superconducting material to enhance a superconducting parameter thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems, devices, and methods for image-guided surgery. Some systems include a near-eye unit, having a see-through augmented-reality display, which is configured to display graphical information with respect to a region of interest (ROI) on a body of a patient, including a bone inside the body, that is viewed through the display by a user wearing the near-eye unit. A processor, which is configured to access three-dimensional (3D) image data with respect to the bone, processes the 3D image data so as to identify a first 3D shape of the bone prior to a surgical procedure on the bone and a second 3D shape of the bone following the surgical procedure, to generate, based on the first and second 3D shapes, an image showing a part of the bone that was removed in the surgical procedure, and to present the image on the see-through augmented-reality display.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are implementations for a digital stereoscopic display and digital loupes utilizing the digital stereoscopic display. The stereoscopic display may include display of magnified images.

Abstract: A registration marker comprising a radiotransparent substrate and a pattern formed in at least two dimensions, which is disposed on the substrate and is optically visible. The registration marker also has a multiplicity of radiopaque elements, which are disposed in the substrate and are spatially arranged in at least two dimensions to provide a unique pattern.