Abstract: Aspects herein are directed to an apparel item that promotes thermo-regulation through the use of engineered openings, venting, and/or stand-off structures. In exemplary aspects, 20-45% of the apparel item may comprise the engineered openings. Vents may be positioned on the apparel item in areas that experience high amounts of air flow to help channel air into the apparel item. The stand-off structures may be positioned on an inner-facing surface of the apparel item where they help to create a space between the apparel item and the wearer's body surface in which air can flow and help cool the wearer by promoting evaporative cooling.

Abstract: An attachment plate and towing lug combination for a vehicle having a crush can and a bumper beam includes a plate and a towing lug. The plate has a central portion and a flange portion. The towing lug is attached to the central portion of the plate and extends from an outer surface of the central portion of the plate. The flange portion of the plate is attachable to an end portion of the crush can. The central portion of the plate is attachable to a first side portion of the bumper beam. The towing lug extends to at least an outer surface of a second side portion of the bumper beam when the flange portion of the plate is attached to the end portion of the crush can and the central portion of the plate is attached to the first side portion of the bumper beam.

Abstract: An attachment plate and towing lug combination for a vehicle having a crush can and a bumper beam includes a plate and a towing lug. The plate has a central portion and a flange portion. The towing lug is attached to the central portion of the plate and extends from an outer surface of the central portion of the plate. The flange portion of the plate is attachable to an end portion of the crush can. The central portion of the plate is attachable to a first side portion of the bumper beam. The towing lug extends to at least an outer surface of a second side portion of the bumper beam when the flange portion of the plate is attached to the end portion of the crush can and the central portion of the plate is attached to the first side portion of the bumper beam.

Abstract: A thermal-assisted method deforms plastically a high-strength material using a high-intensive heat source. The high-strength material may be a cold-rolled sheet aluminum of strength greater than 300 megapascal (MPa) or a cold-rolled sheet steel of strength greater than 1000 MPa. The cold-rolled sheet metal is heated just before bending to a temperature near or above the critical temperature for the material and is followed by rapid quenching after bending.

Abstract: A curved sandwich impact structure for a vehicle having a micro-truss core. In one embodiment, the sandwich impact structure includes a micro-truss layer sandwiched between two facesheets, a micro-truss layer designed for energy absorption on the outside of one of the facesheets, and a fascia panel in contact with the energy absorbing micro-truss layer.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a body that extends along a longitudinal axis, between a forward end and a rearward end. A front bumper assembly is disposed at the forward end of the body. The front bumper assembly includes a B-shaped structure that defines a channel that extends transversely across the body, relative to the longitudinal axis. A heat exchanger is disposed within the channel of the bumper structure. The heat exchanger is operable to transfer heat from a fluid circulating through the heat exchanger to a flow of air passing across the heat exchanger. The fluid may include, but is not limited to, engine oil, transmission fluid, power steering fluid, or an engine coolant from a low temperature coolant loop.

Abstract: A curved sandwich impact structure for a vehicle having a micro-truss core. In one embodiment, the sandwich impact structure includes a micro-truss layer sandwiched between two facesheets, a micro-truss layer designed for energy absorption on the outside of one of the facesheets, and a fascia panel in contact with the energy absorbing micro-truss layer.

Abstract: A thermal-assisted method deforms plastically a high-strength material using a high-intensive heat source. The high-strength material may be a cold-rolled sheet aluminum of strength greater than 300 megapascal (MPa) or a cold-rolled sheet steel of strength greater than 1000 MPa. The cold-rolled sheet metal is heated just before bending to a temperature near or above the critical temperature for the material and is followed by rapid quenching after bending.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a body that extends along a longitudinal axis, between a forward end and a rearward end. A front bumper assembly is disposed at the forward end of the body. The front bumper assembly includes a B-shaped structure that defines a channel that extends transversely across the body, relative to the longitudinal axis. A heat exchanger is disposed within the channel of the bumper structure. The heat exchanger is operable to transfer heat from a fluid circulating through the heat exchanger to a flow of air passing across the heat exchanger. The fluid may include, but is not limited to, engine oil, transmission fluid, power steering fluid, or an engine coolant from a low temperature coolant loop.

Abstract: A process for treating a plastic part to improve the adhesion of paint comprises first treating the surface of the part with sulfur trioxide and thereafter treating the surface with ammonium.