Abstract: The invention relates to methods for the preparation of a pharmaceutical-vesicle formulation comprising steps of: preparing and processing vesicle components and a pharmaceutical agent to entrap the pharmaceutical agent in the vesicle and form a pharmaceutical-vesicle formulation, wherein the pharmaceutical-vesicle formulation is reconstituted in a known quantity of the pharmaceutical agent dissolved in a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier to provide a biphasic pharmaceutical-vesicle formulation. The invention also relates to the associated pharmaceutical-vesicle formulations, pharmaceutical kits and uses as a medicament, in particular for the prevention or treatment of infection by bacteria such as Burkholderia pseudomallei and Francisella tularensis, and viruses such as Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV).

Abstract: The invention relates to methods for the preparation of a pharmaceutical-vesicle formulation comprising steps of: preparing and processing vesicle components and a pharmaceutical agent to entrap the pharmaceutical agent in the vesicle and form a pharmaceutical-vesicle formulation, wherein the pharmaceutical-vesicle formulation is reconstituted in a known quantity of the pharmaceutical agent dissolved in a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier to provide a biphasic pharmaceutical-vesicle formulation. The invention also relates to the associated pharmaceutical-vesicle formulations, pharmaceutical kits and uses as a medicament, in particular for the prevention or treatment of infection by bacteria such as Burkholderia pseudomallei and Francisella tularensis, and viruses such as Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV).

Abstract: Apparatus for material processing, which apparatus comprises a rare-earth doped fibre (1), a laser diode source (2), a short pulse laser (18) and a controller (9), wherein the rare-earth doped fibre (1) is pumped by the laser diode source (2) to provide optical radiation (10), and the optical radiation (10) emitted by the rare-earth doped fibre (1) is combined with optical radiation (11) emitted by the short pulse laser (18), the apparatus being characterised in that the controller (9) synchronizes the optical radiation (10) emitted from the rare-earth doped fibre (1) with the optical radiation (11) emitted by the short pulse laser (18) to provide a plurality of pulses (5) comprising a pre-pulse (21) and a main pulse (22), the average peak power (23) of the pre-pulse (21) being greater than the peak power (24) of the main pulse (22).