Abstract: An electronic device includes an audio sensor, a memory, and at least one processor coupled to the audio sensor and the memory. The at least one processor is configured to receive, via the audio sensor an audio input. The at least one processor is further configured to perform, using an automatic speech recognition (ASR) model and an entity prediction model, out-of-vocabulary prediction of an entity. The at least one processor is further configured to receive an ASR hypothesis including the predicted entity. The at least one processor is further configured to output text including the predicted entity.