Abstract: A surfactant for polymerization including at least one selected from a surfactant represented by R1a—CO—R2a—CO—R3a—OSO3Xa and a surfactant represented by R1b—CO—(CR2b2)n—(OR3b)p—(CR4b2)q-L-OSO3Xb, wherein R1a, R2a, R3a, Xa, R1b, R2b, R3b, R4b, L and Xb are as defined herein. Also disclosed is a composition containing a fluoropolymer and the at least one surfactant, a composition containing a fluoropolymer and a compound represented by (H—(CF2)8—SO3)qM2, where M2 is as defined herein, and a molded article made from the composition containing a fluoropolymer and the compound represented by (H—(CF2)8—SO3)qM2.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer. The surfactant includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a surfactant represented by R1a—CO—R2a—CO—R3a—OSO3Xa and a surfactant represented by R1b—CO—(CR2b2)n—(OR3b)p—(CR4b2)q-L-OSO3Xb.

Abstract: A method for producing a carbonyl compound represented by formula (1): wherein R1 is hydrogen or an organic group; R2 is hydrogen or an organic group; and R3 is hydrogen or an organic group; or two or three of R1, R2, and R3 may be linked to form a ring that may have at least one substituent, the method comprising step A of oxidizing an olefin compound represented by formula (2): wherein symbols are as defined above, by an oxidizing agent in the presence of (a) a non-alcohol organic solvent, (b) water, (c) a metal catalyst, and (d) an additive represented by the formula: MXn, wherein M is an element belonging to any one of Group 1, Group 2, Group 13, Group 14, and Group 15 in the periodic table, or NR4, wherein R is hydrogen or a C1-10 organic group; X is halogen; and n is a number of 1 to 5.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer by solution polymerization or dispersion polymerization, the method including: in the presence of an initiator, a chain transfer agent, and a solvent, (i) homopolymerizing tetrafluoroethylene; or (ii) randomly copolymerizing tetrafluoroethylene and at least one of a monomer represented by the following formula (1) or a monomer represented by the following formula (2). The chain transfer agent includes at least one selected from dithioester compounds, dithiocarbamate compounds, trithiocarbonate compounds and xanthate compounds. The fluoropolymer contains 50 to 100 mol % of a polymerized unit based on the tetrafluoroethylene. The formula (1): CF2?CR1R2 wherein R1 and R2 are as defined herein, the formula (2): CH2?CR3R4 wherein R3 and R4 are as defined herein.

Abstract: The invention provides a novel hydrocarbon-containing carboxylic acid, hydrocarbon-containing sulfonic acid, hydrocarbon-containing sulfuric acid ester, or a salt thereof, and a surfactant. Each of them is a compound represented by the following formula (1): CR1R2R4—CR3R5—X-A wherein R1 to R5 are each H or a monovalent substituent; at least one of R1 or R3 is a group represented by the formula: —Y—R6; at least one of R2 or R5 is a group represented by the formula: —X-A or a group represented by the formula: —Y—R6; and As at the respective appearances are the same as or different from each other, and are each —COOM, —SO3M, or —OSO3M.

Abstract: A novel branched fluorine-containing compound represented by formula (1): wherein L represents a predetermined carbon-containing linker moiety; Rf, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents fluoroalkyl optionally having at least one ether bond; Y, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents a predetermined divalent linking group or a bond; RY, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents hydrogen or an organic group; L represents an (n1+n2)-valent carbon-containing linker moiety having at least one carbon atom; n1 represents a number greater than or equal to 1; n2 represents a number greater than or equal to 1; n1+n2 is a number from 3 to 6; X, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents a divalent linking group or a bond; A, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents -ArSO3M or the like; M, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents hydrogen, —NR4, or a metal salt; and R represents hydrogen or a C1-4 organi

Abstract: A sulfuric acid ester containing a plurality of carbonyl groups or a salt thereof, and a surfactant. The sulfuric acid ester is a compound represented by the following formula: R1—C(?O)—R2—C(?O)—R3—OSO3X wherein R1, R2 and R3 are defined herein; X is H, a metal atom, NR44, imidazolium optionally containing a substituent, pyridinium optionally containing a substituent, or phosphonium optionally containing a substituent, where R4s are each H or an organic group and are the same as or different from each other; and any two of R1, R2, and R3 optionally bind to each other to form a ring. Also disclosed is a surfactant containing the sulfuric acid ester and an aqueous dispersant containing the sulfuric acid ester.

Abstract: A novel branched fluorine-containing compound represented by formula (1): (Rf—Yn1LX-A)n2??(1) wherein L represents a predetermined carbon-containing linker moiety; Rf, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents fluoroalkyl optionally having at least one ether bond; Y, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents a predetermined divalent linking group or a bond; RY, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents hydrogen or an organic group; L represents an (n1+n2)-valent carbon-containing linker moiety having at least one carbon atom; n1 represents a number greater than or equal to 1; n2 represents a number greater than or equal to 1; n1+n2 is a number from 3 to 6; X, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents a divalent linking group or a bond; A, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents —ArSO3M or the like; M, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents hydrogen, —NR4, or a metal salt; and R represents hydroge

Abstract: A sulfuric acid ester containing a plurality of carbonyl groups or a salt thereof, and a surfactant. The sulfuric acid ester is a compound represented by the following formula: R1—C(?O)—R2—C(?O)—R3—OSO3X wherein R1, R2 and R3 are as defined herein; X is H, a metal atom, NR44, imidazolium optionally containing a substituent, pyridinium optionally containing a substituent, or phosphonium optionally containing a substituent, where R4s are each H or an organic group and are the same as or different from each other; and any two of R1, R2, and R3 optionally bind to each other to form a ring.

Abstract: A polytetrafluoroethylene having a breaking strength of 10.0 N or more and a thermal instability index (TII) of 20 or more. Also disclosed is a stretched body including the polytetrafluoroethylene.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer. The surfactant includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a surfactant represented by R1a—CO—R2 a—CO—R3a—OSO3Xa and a surfactant represented by R1b—CO—(CR2b2)n—(OR3b)p—(CR4b2)q-L-OSO3Xb.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer of the invention which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer. The surfactant includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a surfactant represented by R1a—CO—R2a—CO—R3a-Aa and a surfactant represented by R1b—CO—(CR2b2)n—(OR3b)p—(CR4b2)q-L-Ab.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer, which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer, wherein the surfactant is a carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon-containing surfactant.

Abstract: A carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid salt containing a plurality of carbonyl groups, and a surfactant represented by the following formula: R1—C(?O)—R2—C(?O)—R3-A wherein R1, R2 and R3 are as defined herein, and A is —COOX or —SO3X, wherein X is H, a metal atom, NR44, imidazolium optionally containing a substituent, pyridinium optionally containing a substituent, or phosphonium optionally containing a substituent, where R4s are each H or an organic group and are the same as or different from each other; and any two of R1, R2, and R3 optionally bind to each other to form a ring.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer, the surfactant being represented by the general formula (1): CR1R2R4—CR3R5—X-A, wherein R1 to R5 are each H or a monovalent substituent, with the proviso that at least one of R1 and R3 represents a group represented by the general formula: —Y—R6 and at least one of R2 and R5 represents a group represented by the general formula: —X-A or a group represented by the general formula: —Y—R6; and A is the same or different at each occurrence and is —COOM, —SO3M, or —OSO3M. Also disclosed is a surfactant for polymerization represented by the general formula (1), a method for producing a fluoropolymer using the surfactant and a composition including a fluoropolymer and the surfactant.

Abstract: A method for producing a carbonyl compound represented by formula (1): wherein R1 is hydrogen or an organic group; R2 is hydrogen or an organic group; and R3 is hydrogen or an organic group; or two or three of R1, R2, and R3 may be linked to form a ring that may have at least one substituent, the method comprising step A of oxidizing an olefin compound represented by formula (2): wherein symbols are as defined above, by an oxidizing agent in the presence of (a) a non-alcohol organic solvent, (b) water, (c) a metal catalyst, and (d) an additive represented by the formula: MXn, wherein M is an element belonging to any one of Group 1, Group 2, Group 13, Group 14, and Group 15 in the periodic table, or NR4, wherein R is hydrogen or a C1-10 organic group; X is halogen; and n is a number of 1 to 5.

Abstract: An alkyl sulfate ester containing a carbonyl group or a salt thereof. The compound is represented by the following formula: R1—C(?O)—(CR22)n—(OR3)p(CR42)q-L-OSO3X wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, L, X, n, p and q are as defined herein. Also disclosed is a production method for making the alkyl sulfate ester.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer, which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a polymer (1), the polymer (1) including a polymerized unit derived from a monomer CX2?CY(—CZ2—O—Rf-A), wherein X is the same or different and is —H or —F; Y is —H, —F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; Z is the same or different and is —H, —F, an alkyl group, or a fluoroalkyl group; Rf is a C1-C40 fluorine-containing alkylene group or a C—C100 fluorine-containing alkylene group and having an ether bond; and A is —COOM, —SO3M, or —OSO3M, wherein M is —H, a metal atom, —NR74, imidazolium optionally having a substituent, pyridinium optionally having a substituent, or phosphonium optionally having a substituent, wherein R7 is H or an organic group, providing that at least one of X, Y, and Z contains a fluorine atom.

Abstract: A carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid salt containing a plurality of carbonyl groups, and a surfactant represented by the following formula: R1—C(?O)—R2—C(?O)—R3-A wherein R1, R2 and R3 are as defined herein, and A is —COOX or —SO3X, wherein X is H, a metal atom, NR44, imidazolium optionally containing a substituent, pyridinium optionally containing a substituent, or phosphonium optionally containing a substituent, where R4s are each H or an organic group and are the same as or different from each other; and any two of R1, R2, and R3 optionally bind to each other to form a ring.

Abstract: A novel branched fluorine-containing compound represented by formula (1): (Rf—Y?n1L?X-A)n2??(1) wherein L represents a predetermined carbon-containing linker moiety; Rf, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents fluoroalkyl optionally having at least one ether bond; Y, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents a predetermined divalent linking group or a bond; RY, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents hydrogen or an organic group; L represents an (n1+n2)-valent carbon-containing linker moiety having at least one carbon atom; n1 represents a number greater than or equal to 1; n2 represents a number greater than or equal to 1; n1+n2 is a number from 3 to 6; X, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents a divalent linking group or a bond; A, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents —ArSO3M or the like; M, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents hydrogen, —NR4, or a metal salt; and R represents hydr