Abstract: Disclosed are a bidirectional counter and a method of generating output data. The bidirectional counter may include at least one first flip-flop configured to generate, based on at least one first local clock, at least one first bit including a least significant bit (LSB) of the output data and a second bit that is an upper bit of the at least one first bit, and a local clock generation circuit configured to generate, in response to an up signal that is activated, the at least one first local clock based on the input clock and the at least one first bit, and to generate, in response to the up signal that is deactivated, the at least one first local clock based on the input clock and at least one inverted first bit.

Abstract: A flip-flop configured to generate an output toggling according to an input clock includes an inverter configured to generate the output by inverting a first data signal, a first circuit configured to generate a second data signal based on an input clock and a latch signal, a second circuit configured to generate the latch signal based on the input clock and the second data signal, and a third circuit configured to generate the first data signal using the input clock, the second data signal, and the latch signal, wherein the third circuit is further configured to pull down the first data signal, independently of the second data signal, using the input clock and the latch signal.

Abstract: A sense amplifier flip-flop includes a first stage configured to generate, in response to a rising edge of a clock signal, a first latch signal and a second latch signal by pulling down a first pull-down node or a second pull-down node according to a data input and an inverted data input, wherein the first stage includes a bridge circuit configured to electrically connect the first pull-down node and the second pull-down node to each other in response to an activated bridge signal, and a control circuit configured to activate the bridge signal when the data input transitions while the clock signal is logic high.

Abstract: A flip-flop is provided. The flip-flop includes: a master latch; and a slave latch. The master latch includes: a first circuit configured to, based on a clock signal, a data input signal, and a first data signal, generate a second data signal complementary to the data input signal; a second circuit configured to, based on the clock signal, an inverted data input signal, and the second data signal, generate the first data signal complementary to the inverted data input signal; and a third circuit configured to generate a latch signal based on the clock signal, an input of the slave latch, and the second data signal. The slave latch is configured to latch the input of the slave latch based on the clock signal and the latch signal.

Abstract: Provided are a method and system for measuring a composition and property of a formation fluid. The method includes: acquiring a measuring model used for measuring a composition and a property of a formation fluid; using a signal measured by a sensor on a downhole hydrocarbon formation tester in real-time as input data and inputting the input data into the measuring model; processing the input data by the measuring model; and directly outputting a processing result as data on the composition and the property of the real-time formation fluid, or parsing the data on the composition and the property of the real-time formation fluid according to the processing result.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatuses and methods for minimum energy tracking loop that includes an oscillator to imitate a threshold path of a load system and automatically adjust a clock frequency as a supply voltage to the load system is changed, a voltage regulator configured to supply a power, an energy sensing unit which is connected to the oscillator and the voltage regulator and calculates a proportional energy proportional to a total energy consumed by the load system at a specific supply voltage, a minimum energy finder to find a minimum energy point of the load system by monitoring the calculated proportional energy proportional to the total energy at a plurality of supply voltages, a buck converter to supply a power to the load system with a supply voltage at which the load system operates with a minimum energy when the minimum energy point is found in the minimum energy finder.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a rail-to-rail class-AB buffer amplifier using compact adaptive biasing, and the rail-to-rail class-AB buffer amplifier using compact adaptive biasing includes an input stage generating a differential current pair based on a voltage difference between a first input signal and a second input signal, an amplification stage outputting a driving signal based on the differential current pair, an output stage connected to the amplification stage and outputting an output signal, an auxiliary current source switch which is on/off based on the driving signal of the amplification stage, and a current mirroring unit generating bias current and outputting the generated bias current to the input stage when the auxiliary current source switch is on.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a separator, and a fuel cell stack comprising the same, and according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a separator formed of a metallic material and having a plurality of pores, wherein some regions have a hydrophilic surface and some other regions have a hydrophobic surface.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatuses and methods for minimum energy tracking loop that includes an oscillator to imitate a threshold path of a load system and automatically adjust a clock frequency as a supply voltage to the load system is changed, a voltage regulator configured to supply a power, an energy sensing unit which is connected to the oscillator and the voltage regulator and calculates a proportional energy proportional to a total energy consumed by the load system at a specific supply voltage, a minimum energy finder to find a minimum energy point of the load system by monitoring the calculated proportional energy proportional to the total energy at a plurality of supply voltages, a buck converter to supply a power to the load system with a supply voltage at which the load system operates with a minimum energy when the minimum energy point is found in the minimum energy finder.

Abstract: Provided are a method and system for measuring a composition and property of a formation fluid. The method includes: acquiring a measuring model used for measuring a composition and a property of a formation fluid; using a signal measured by a sensor on a downhole hydrocarbon formation tester in real-time as input data and inputting the input data into the measuring model; processing the input data by the measuring model; and directly outputting a processing result as data on the composition and the property of the real-time formation fluid, or parsing the data on the composition and the property of the real-time formation fluid according to the processing result.

Abstract: An electric vehicle includes first to fourth motors respectively mounted to individually rotate right and left wheels in the front and rear of the vehicle, first to fourth fuel cell stack modules independently connected to the respective motors so as to supply power to the first to fourth motors, a battery pack for supplying power to the first to fourth motors, a main control part for controlling the first to fourth motors, the first to fourth fuel cell stack modules and the battery pack and a tank for supplying hydrogen gas to the first to fourth fuel cell stack modules.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a buck converter which includes a voltage converter configured to convert an input voltage into an output voltage by a driving signal, a compensator configured to generate an error compensation signal by receiving a feedback signal defined from the output voltage, an active ramp controller configured to generate a ramp signal by adjusting a ramp bias voltage when load transient occurs, and an output voltage controller configured to adjust the output voltage using the ramp signal and the error compensation signal.

Abstract: A PWM buck converter includes a first P-type transistor having a drain terminal connected to a first node, a first N-type transistor having a drain terminal connected to the first node, and a gate driver configured to apply a first gate voltage to a first gate terminal of the first P-type transistor and apply a second gate voltage to a second gate terminal of the first N-type transistor. The gate driver includes a first buffer configured to generate the first gate voltage applied to the gate terminal of the first P-type transistor, a second buffer configured to generate the second gate voltage applied to the gate terminal of the first N-type transistor, and a capacitor configured to accumulate a portion of electrical charges supplied from the first buffer to the first P-type transistor, and supply the accumulated electrical charges to the gate terminal of the first N-type transistor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a separator and a fuel cell stack comprising the same, and according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a separator comprising a plurality of channels including a bottom forming a flow space for a reaction gas to flow and a pair of sidewalls connected to the bottom, and a plurality of ribs provided so as to connect the sidewalls of two adjacent channels, wherein the sidewall of the channel is provided with a water storage part which is recessed inward and has a first inclined surface and a second inclined surface connected by a first angle.

Abstract: An artificial intelligent fuel cell system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may include: a fuel cell stack in which a plurality of unit cells is combined for generating electric energy with an electrochemical reaction; a sensor unit which measures in real time data about each of the unit cells forming the fuel cell stack, temperature, pressure, humidity, and flow rates of reaction gases, and cooling water, and current and voltage data during an operation of a fuel cell; an artificial intelligent unit which collects the data measured by the sensor unit with a predetermined time interval, generates a model for predicting and controlling performance of the fuel cell through the learning and analysis of the collected data, compares the generated model with the data measured in real time and diagnoses a state of the fuel cell stack, and generates a control signal for changing an operation condition of the fuel cell stack; and a control unit which changes the operation condition of the

Abstract: A PWM buck converter includes a first P-type transistor having a drain terminal connected to a first node, a first N-type transistor having a drain terminal connected to the first node, and a gate driver configured to apply a first gate voltage to a first gate terminal of the first P-type transistor and apply a second gate voltage to a second gate terminal of the first N-type transistor. The gate driver includes a first buffer configured to generate the first gate voltage applied to the gate terminal of the first P-type transistor, a second buffer configured to generate the second gate voltage applied to the gate terminal of the first N-type transistor, and a capacitor configured to accumulate a portion of electrical charges supplied from the first buffer to the first P-type transistor, and supply the accumulated electrical charges to the gate terminal of the first N-type transistor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a separation plate, a manufacturing method therefor, and a fuel cell stack comprising the same, and according to one aspect of the present invention, provided is a separation plate having: a first surface and a second surface in a direction opposite to that of the first surface; a plurality of channel elements protruding from the second surface toward the first surface, wherein each of the channel elements is arranged to have an inlet port and an outlet port along the flowing direction of a fluid flowing on the first surface; and a rib having a height varying along the circumferential direction of a virtual axis connecting the inlet port and the outlet port, wherein at least a partial region of an outer surface of the rib is formed into a cycloid curved surface along the circumferential direction of the virtual axis.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a buck converter which includes a voltage converter configured to convert an input voltage into an output voltage by a driving signal, a compensator configured to generate an error compensation signal by receiving a feedback signal defined from the output voltage, an active ramp controller configured to generate a ramp signal by adjusting a ramp bias voltage when load transient occurs, and an output voltage controller configured to adjust the output voltage using the ramp signal and the error compensation signal.

Abstract: An electric vehicle includes first to fourth motors respectively mounted to individually rotate right and left wheels in the front and rear of the vehicle, first to fourth fuel cell stack modules independently connected to the respective motors so as to supply power to the first to fourth motors, a battery pack for supplying power to the first to fourth motors, a main control part for controlling the first to fourth motors, the first to fourth fuel cell stack modules and the battery pack and a tank for supplying hydrogen gas to the first to fourth fuel cell stack modules.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a separating plate, a method for manufacturing the same, and a fuel cell stack comprising the same. An aspect of the present invention provides a separating plate comprising: a plurality of channels extending in elongated shapes along a first direction, respectively; and a plurality of riblet elements provided to connect side walls of two adjacent channels along a second direction, which is perpendicular to the first direction, wherein the plurality of riblet elements, which connect side walls of two adjacent channels, are spaced by a predetermined interval along the first direction, and a separating plate, which is provided with a first opening, is provided between two riblet elements, which are adjacent to each other along the first direction.