Abstract: A clock signal generator can include a clock signal generation unit that is configured to generate a clock signal. A clock signal control unit is configured to count a number of pulses of the clock signal during a reference time, and to compare the number of pulses with a reference value to provide a comparison result, and to generate a control signal based on the comparison result, where the clock signal generation unit increases or decreases the number of pulses of the clock signal based on the control signal.

Abstract: A memory chip can include a non-volatile memory that includes a plurality of memory cells, where each of the memory cells is configured to store separate instances of the booting mode selection information in each of the respective plurality of memory cells. A booting mode control block is configured to read the separate instances of the booting mode selection information stored in each of the respective plurality of memory cell and to output a reset signal based on the separate instances of the booting mode selection information.