Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic photograph forming apparatus including a supplying roller, a developing roller, a charging roller, a laser scanning unit (LSU), a transferring roller, an organic photoconductive (OPC) drum, a pre-transfer lamp (PTL), a controller, and a power supply. The organic photoconductive drum is charged by the charging roller. An electrostatic latent image is formed on the organic photoconductive drum by the laser scanning unit, and the electrostatic latent image is changed into a visible image by toner supplied from the developing roller. The pre-transfer lamp reduces the attached force of toner attached to the organic photoconductive drum to a predetermined level. The controller varies the voltage of the transferring roller according to a predetermined standard so that toner remaining on the transferring roller is transferred to the organic photoconductive drum while the organic photoconductive drum and the transferring roller are raced.

Abstract: Methods of forming half-tone phase-shift masks include the steps of forming a series of layers on a face of a transparent substrate such as quartz. These layers include a phase-shift layer of MoSiON, a layer of opaque material (e.g., chrome) for blocking light on the phase-shift layer and a photoresist layer on the layer of opaque material. The photoresist layer is then patterned to define a mask having openings therein which expose the layer of opaque material. The layer of opaque material is then patterned using a wet etchant, to expose portions of the phase-shift layer. The patterned photoresist layer is then stripped and a cleaning step is then performed to remove residual defects and marks from the patterned layer of opaque material. The patterned layer of opaque material is then used as a mask during the step of anisotropically dry etching the phase-shift layer using a gas containing CF.sub.4 and O.sub.2, but not CHF.sub.3. The use of a gas containing CF.sub.4 and O.sub.

Abstract: A heat fixing roller in an electrophotographic recording system provides a high degree of radiating efficiency and reduces the amount of time it takes for the heat fixing roller to achieve a temperature necessary to perform a printing operation. The heat fixing roller has a heat lamp installed along a center axis within an interior portion of the heat fixing roller. A plurality of hollowed-out heat conduits extend outwardly in a radial manner from the heat lamp to provide a path through which heat generated by the heat lamp can radiate to rapidly increase the temperature of an outer surface of the heat fixing roller.