Abstract: An electromagnetic induction heating apparatus for heating an aerosol-forming article of an electronic cigarette includes: a power supply unit configured to supply DC power; a power amplifier including a switch unit comprising a pair of transistor switches having a differential structure and receiving DC power from the power supply unit, and a parallel-structured LC resonant network including a resonant inductor connected to an output terminal of the switch unit and electromagnetically inductively coupled with an inductor component of a heat-generating body for heating the aerosol-forming article of the electronic cigarette, and a resonant capacitor connected in parallel to the resonant inductor; and a driving unit configured to adjust a temperature of the heat-generating body by adjusting an operating frequency of the switch unit of the power amplifier to control an amount of current of the resonant inductor electromagnetically inductively coupled with the inductor component of the heat-generating body.

Abstract: A substrate processing apparatus includes: a conveyor belt configured to have an outer surface on which a bottom surface of a substrate is seated; and a polishing head unit configured to face an upper surface of the substrate, wherein the polishing head unit includes: a polishing head connected to a driver; a polishing pad configured to face the polishing head; a polishing pad fixing ring disposed between the polishing head and the polishing pad; and a temperature sensor configured to overlap the polishing pad fixing ring and to be spaced apart from the polishing pad fixing ring.

Abstract: Disclosed are various methods for transmitting or receiving data or control information having high reliability conditions. A method for operating a terminal which transmits uplink control information (UCI) includes: a step of generating UCI; a step of comparing the priority of an uplink (UL) control channel for the transmission of the UCI with the priority of a UL data channel when some symbols of the UL control channel and the UL data channel overlap; and a step of selecting the UL channel having a higher priority among the UL control channel and the UL data channel, and transmitting the UCI to a base station through the selected UL channel.

Abstract: An operation method of a first communication node in an Ethernet-based vehicle network is provided. A frame n is generated including a data unit n, and a first indicator indicating that a size of a data unit n+1 to be transmitted via a frame n+1 after determining that the frame n is different from a size of the data unit n. The frame n is transmitted to a second communication node and the frame n+1 is generated including the data unit n+1. The frame n+1 is then transmitted to the second communication node. The transmission rate of the data unit n is different from the transmission rate of the data unit n+1, and n is a natural number.

Abstract: An operation method of a management node in a vehicle network is provided. The method includes receiving a reservation request for transmission of a data stream from a first communication node and identifying a bandwidth required for transmitting the data stream. A path for transmitting the data stream is calculated based on the identified bandwidth and time sensitive networking (TSN) profile information. Configuration modes of one or more relay nodes in the path are changed and a response to the reservation request is transmitted to the first communication node.

Abstract: An operation method of a first end node constituting an Ethernet-based vehicle network includes receiving a first beacon from a second end node, the beacon including first configuration information of a first main-cycle including a plurality of sub-cycles each of which includes N time slots; transmitting a signal in a time slot corresponding to an identifier of the first end node among the N time slots within a sub-cycle #k of the plurality of sub-cycles; and transmitting a signal in a time slot corresponding to the identifier of the first end node among the N time slots in a sub-cycle #(k+1) consecutive with the sub-cycle #k of the plurality of sub-cycles.

Abstract: An operation method of a first end node in a vehicle network supporting a PLCA function is provided. The method includes performing a monitoring operation in a first time interval configured for communication of the first end node and detecting a transmission request signal transmitted from a second end node by the monitoring operation. In response to detecting the transmission request signal, a transmission operation of the first end node in the first time interval is stopped. The first time interval is used for communication of a second end node instead of the first end node.

Abstract: An operation method of a management node in a vehicle network is provided. The method includes receiving a reservation request for transmission of a data stream from a first communication node and identifying a bandwidth required for transmitting the data stream. A path for transmitting the data stream is calculated based on the identified bandwidth and time sensitive networking (TSN) profile information. Configuration modes of one or more relay nodes in the path are changed and a response to the reservation request is transmitted to the first communication node.

Abstract: n operation method of a first communication node in an Ethernet-based vehicle network is provided. A frame n is generated including a data unit n, and a first indicator indicating that a size of a data unit n+1 to be transmitted via a frame n+1 after determining that the frame n is different from a size of the data unit n. The frame n is transmitted to a second communication node and the frame n+1 is generated including the data unit n+1. The frame n+1 is then transmitted to the second communication node. The transmission rate of the data unit n is different from the transmission rate of the data unit n+1, and n is a natural number.

Abstract: An operation method of a first end node constituting an Ethernet-based vehicle network includes receiving a first beacon from a second end node, the beacon including first configuration information of a first main-cycle including a plurality of sub-cycles each of which includes N time slots; transmitting a signal in a time slot corresponding to an identifier of the first end node among the N time slots within a sub-cycle # k of the plurality of sub-cycles; and transmitting a signal in a time slot corresponding to the identifier of the first end node among the N time slots in a sub-cycle # (k+1) consecutive with the sub-cycle # k of the plurality of sub-cycles.

Abstract: An operation method of a first end node in a vehicle network supporting a PLCA function is provided. The method includes performing a monitoring operation in a first time interval configured for communication of the first end node and detecting a transmission request signal transmitted from a second end node by the monitoring operation. In response to detecting the transmission request signal, a transmission operation of the first end node in the first time interval is stopped. The first time interval is used for communication of a second end node instead of the first end node.

Abstract: A method for processing a SOME/IP stream through interworking with Audio Video Bridging (AVB) in a server includes determining a transmission scheme for the SOME/IP stream through a SOME/IP service discovery procedure and generating an InitialEvent message and transmitting the generated InitialEvent message to a client according to the determined transmission scheme. If the determined transmission scheme is L2-Frame, the SOME/IP stream is transmitted through a layer 2 of AVB. Therefore, a SOME/IP stream, the QoS of which is guaranteed through interworking with AVB, may be provided.

Abstract: A method for providing time synchronization in a node connected to an Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Ethernet communication network includes steps of receiving static announcement messages from adjacent nodes and constituting a static grandmaster table, reselecting a grandmaster with reference to the static grandmaster table when a synchronization message timer expires, and updating the static grandmaster table according to reselection of the grandmaster. The method may rapidly time synchronization in the Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Ethernet communication network and minimize network load.

Abstract: A method for providing time synchronization in a node connected to an Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Ethernet communication network includes steps of receiving static announcement messages from adjacent nodes and constituting a static grandmaster table, reselecting a grandmaster with reference to the static grandmaster table when a synchronization message timer expires, and updating the static grandmaster table according to reselection of the grandmaster. The method may rapidly time synchronization in the Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Ethernet communication network and minimize network load.

Abstract: A method for processing a SOME/IP stream through interworking with Audio Video Bridging (AVB) in a server includes determining a transmission scheme for the SOME/IP stream through a SOME/IP service discovery procedure and generating an InitialEvent message and transmitting the generated InitialEvent message to a client according to the determined transmission scheme. If the determined transmission scheme is L2-Frame, the SOME/IP stream is transmitted through a layer 2 of AVB. Therefore, a SOME/IP stream, the QoS of which is guaranteed through interworking with AVB, may be provided.

Abstract: A method for providing a black box service for vehicle diagnosis and an apparatus and system therefor are disclosed herein. A method for providing a black box service for vehicle diagnosis in an in-vehicle apparatus connected to a network includes confirming whether or not a time synchronization message including a black box address is received, updating status information in the apparatus, when the time synchronization message is received as a result of confirmation, and transmitting a status information message including the updated status information to the black box address set as a destination address. Therefore, a more stable black box service for vehicle diagnosis is provided.

Abstract: Disclosed is an Internet group management system of a push-type multicast in a passive access network, and a method thereof. The Internet group management system of a push-type multicast supporting Internet group management with respect to a packet stream simultaneously being transmitted to a subscriber accessing the same node via a passive access network where at least one subscriber accesses a single node, the system including an input packet classifying unit to sort a multimedia contents packet corresponding to a contents transmission packet from the packet stream, and a program managing unit to construct a broadcasting program table having information of the sorted multimedia contents packet, to determine, based on the constructed broadcasting program table, a reception condition of a requested program that is requested by a user, and to output a multimedia contents packet corresponding to the requested program.

Abstract: Provided are a video on demand (VOD) transmission/reception method and system using a divided transport stream (TS). The VOD transmission method includes setting a division coefficient for dividing a TS; dividing the TS into a unicast segment and multicast segments according to the division coefficient; and transmitting the unicast segment by using a unicast method and transmitting the multicast segments by using a multicast method.

Abstract: A channel-switching apparatus and method in a digital broadcasting system omits conditional access control in logical channel-switching in one physical channel from processes that are executed for channel-switching in a digital broadcasting system, thereby reducing channel-switching time.

Abstract: Disclosed is an Internet group management system of a push-type multicast in a passive access network, and a method thereof. The Internet group management system of a push-type multicast supporting Internet group management with respect to a packet stream simultaneously being transmitted to a subscriber accessing the same node via a passive access network where at least one subscriber accesses a single node, the system including an input packet classifying unit to sort a multimedia contents packet corresponding to an IPTV contents transmission packet from the packet stream, and a program managing unit to construct a broadcasting program table having information of the sorted multimedia contents packet, to determine, based on the constructed broadcasting program table, a reception condition of a requested program that is requested by a user, and to output a multimedia contents packet corresponding to the requested program.