Abstract: A method of forming a metal line of a semiconductor memory device is disclosed. An interlayer insulating layer, an etch-stop layer, a trench oxide layer, a hard mask layer and a photoresist layer are laminated over a semiconductor substrate in which a contact is formed. An exposure process is performed to form a photoresist pattern. The hard mask layer is partially etched by an etch process that employs the photoresist pattern. An etch process using the hard mask layer as an etch mask is performed to partially etch the trench oxide layer, the etch-stop layer and the interlayer insulating layer, thereby forming damascene trenches. Metal material is formed on the entire surface including the trenches. A chemical mechanical polishing process is then performed to expose the etch-stop layer, thereby forming a metal line.

Abstract: A DNA chip includes a substrate, at least one first electrode and at least one second electrode on the substrate, the first electrode and the second electrode being opposite to and separated from each other, multiple oligonucleotide probes, one end of the oligonucleotide probes being immobilized on the first electrode, and a charge-carrier transport layer on the second electrode, the charge-carrier layer contacting an other end of the oligonucleotide probes.

Abstract: Disclosed are a light emitting device, a light emitting device package and a lighting system. The light emitting device of the embodiment includes a light emitting structure including a first conductive semiconductor layer, an active layer over the first conductive semiconductor layer, and a second conductive semiconductor layer over the active layer; a dielectric layer over a first region of the first conductive semiconductor layer; a second electrode over the dielectric layer; and a first electrode over a second region of the first conductive semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes a first electrode, a first semiconductor layer, an active layer; a second semiconductor layer, and a second electrode. A current blocking layer is formed on a side surface of and has a width provided within the first semiconductor layer. The thickness and width of the current blocking layer is smaller than the thickness and width of the first semiconductor layer.

Abstract: Disclosed are a light emitting device, a light emitting device package and a lighting system. The light emitting device of the embodiment includes a light emitting structure including a first conductive semiconductor layer, a second conductive semiconductor layer and an active layer between the first and second conductive semiconductor layers; a second electrode under the second conductive semiconductor layer; a first texture over a first region of the first conductive semiconductor layer; an A-electrode over the first region of the first conductive semiconductor layer; and a B-electrode over a second region of the first conductive semiconductor layer, wherein the B-electrode includes a pad electrode connected to a wire.

Abstract: Disclosed are a light emitting device, a light emitting device package, and a lighting system. The light emitting device includes a light emitting structure including a second conductive semiconductor layer, an active layer over the second conductive semiconductor layer, and a first conductive semiconductor layer over the active layer dielectric layer in a cavity defined by removing a portion of the light emitting structure, and a second electrode layer over the dielectric layer.

Abstract: A reflective photomask and a method of determining or optimizing thicknesses of layers of the reflective photomask are provided. The reflective photomask may include a substrate, a reflective layer, an absorptive pattern, and a spacer. The substrate may include a reflective region and an absorptive region, the reflective layer may be formed between the reflective and absorptive regions, the absorptive pattern may be formed on the reflective layer corresponding to the reflective region, and the spacer may be formed at an upper portion, lower portion, or inside of the reflective layer so as to correspond to the reflective region.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery casing, comprising one or more sub-layers as constitutional elements, wherein at least one region selected from the group consisting of a surface of the casing and the sub-layers of the casing is coated partially or totally with a metal having a grain size of 50 nm or less. A battery comprising the same casing is also disclosed. The casing efficiently inhibits degradation of the safety of a battery, caused by internal or external factors, and thus provides a battery with excellent safety.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and a method for preventing the degradation of RF performance due to a change in impedance of an antenna in a mobile communication terminal. The mobile communication terminal includes a plurality of impedance matching circuits and a controller of the mobile communication terminal is adapted to measure the reflection voltage of the antenna, select one impedance matching circuit corresponding to the measured reflection voltage, and connected with the antenna through the selected impedance matching circuit. As a result, when the impedance value of the antenna is changed, it is possible to prevent the degradation of performance of the RF module of the mobile communication terminal by using an impedance matching circuit, which can optimize the reflection loss caused by the reflection voltage of the antenna according to a change in impedance value.

Abstract: There is provided an image sensor having micro lenses of which pitches decrease by different ratios according to left side and right side ratios, which are arranged in different ratios according to upper side and right side ratios, and of which pitches in the edge area are equal to a pixel pitch to arrange the micro lenses in a predetermined interval, thereby capable of preventing ambient sensitivity from deteriorating and suppressing crosstalk.

Abstract: A washing machine having a damper-supporter, comprises: an outer case having a receiving space therein; a tub installed in the outer case; a damper having one end connected to the tub so as to perform a relative motion; and a damper-supporter spaced from the outer case so as to be vibration-isolated therefrom, for supporting another end of the damper. Accordingly, vibration and noise can be reduced by preventing vibration of the tub from being transmitted to the outer case through the damper.

Abstract: Disclosed are an anti-static adhesive composition, and a polarizing plate and/or a surface protective film fabricated using the same. More particularly, an anti-static adhesive composition for imparting enhanced anti-static properties, including a metal salt represented by Formula 1 as an anti-static agent so as to sufficiently inhibit generation of static electricity while not deteriorating inherent physical properties of an adhesive such as adhesiveness, durability and reliability, etc., is provided. In addition, a polarizing plate and and/or a surface protective film fabricated using the foregoing anti-static adhesive composition are provided.

Abstract: A display device is provided. The display device comprises a display panel. The display device further comprises a transparent film disposed on the display panel and a buffer layer having an adhesive characteristic interposed between the transparent film and the second plate.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus and method for writing data to a phase-change random access memory (PRAM) by using writing power calculation and data inversion functions, and more particularly, an apparatus and method for writing data which can minimize power consumption by calculating the power consumed while input original data or inverted data is written to a PRAM and storing the data consuming less power. A PRAM consumes a significant amount of power in order to store data in a memory cell since a large electric current is required to flow for a long period of time.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the system and the method for graphically displaying the results of search engine on a terminal of client, so that client can see a search process at first glance and move between a higher category and a lower easily and earn the results of search engine quickly.

Abstract: A wireless network system and a communication method, where an external network device easily and temporarily logs in and out of the wireless network. A key management device of the wireless network system includes a limited communication unit that receives encryption information from a wireless network device, a storage unit that stores authentication information for authenticating the wireless network device, and a key creating unit that creates an encryption key using the received encryption information to allow the wireless network device to log onto the wireless network. The key creating unit also transmits the created encryption key to the wireless network device.

Abstract: Provided is a programmable logic block of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The programmable logic block includes a pull-up access transistor connected to a power source, an up-phase-change memory device connected to the pull-up access transistor, a down-phase-change memory device connected to the up-phase-change memory device, an output terminal between the up-phase-change memory device and the down-phase-change memory device, and a pull-down access transistor connected to the down-phase-change memory device and a ground. The resistance values of the up-phase-change memory device and the down-phase-change memory device are individually programmed.

Abstract: A mobile phone having a body including a ground portion, a cover of a metallic material coupled to the body, the cover forming an exterior surface of the mobile phone, and a grounding unit electrically connecting the ground portion of the body to the cover, the grounding unit being disposed on one of facing surfaces of the body and the cover. Since the body and the metallic cover are electrically and stably connected with each other, a wireless communication characteristic of the mobile phone is prevented from being lowered.

Abstract: Electromechanical non-volatile memory devices are provided including a semiconductor substrate having an upper surface including insulation characteristics. A first electrode pattern is provided on the semiconductor substrate. The first electrode pattern exposes portions of a surface of the semiconductor substrate therethrough. A conformal bit line is provided on the first electrode pattern and the exposed surface of semiconductor substrate. The bit line is spaced apart from a sidewall of the first electrode pattern and includes a conductive material having an elasticity generated by a voltage difference. An insulating layer pattern is provided on an upper surface of the bit line located on the semiconductor substrate. A second electrode pattern is spaced apart from the bit line and provided on the insulating layer pattern. The second electrode pattern faces the first electrode pattern. Related methods are also provided.

Abstract: An embedded memory required for a high performance, multifunction SOC, and a method of fabricating the same are provided. The memory includes a bipolar transistor, a phase-change memory device and a MOS transistor, adjacent and electrically connected, on a substrate. The bipolar transistor includes a base composed of SiGe disposed on a collector. The phase-change memory device has a phase-change material layer which is changed from an amorphous state to a crystalline state by a current, and a heating layer composed of SiGe that contacts the lower surface of the phase-change material layer.