Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for encoding and decoding an image by skip encoding. The image-encoding method by skip encoding, which performs intra-prediction, comprises: performing a filtering operation on the signal which is reconstructed prior to an encoding object signal in an encoding object image; using the filtered reconstructed signal to generate a prediction signal for the encoding object signal; setting the generated prediction signal as a reconstruction signal for the encoding object signal; and not encoding the residual signal which can be generated on the basis of the difference between the encoding object signal and the prediction signal, thereby performing skip encoding on the encoding object signal.

Abstract: Provided are a multilayered-coating system and a method of manufacturing the same. The multi-layered coating system includes: a layer 1 including a plurality of spherical voids with a radius a1 that are randomly distributed and separated from one another and a filler material with a refractive index n1 that is disposed in a space between the spherical voids; and subsequent layers expressed as the following word-equation, “a layer i located above a layer i?1 and including a plurality of spherical voids with a radius ai that are randomly distributed and separated from one another, and a filler material with a refractive index ni, the filler material disposed in a space between the spherical voids where i is an integer greater than 1”.

Abstract: A friction preventing apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The apparatus includes: a first object; a second object spaced apart from the first object and facing the first object; and a plurality of charged nanoparticles provided on a surface of one of the first and second objects, such that the nanoparticles are disposed between the first object and the second object. A potential difference is formed between the first and second objects. The nanoparticles may be positively charged and may adhere to the first object, and the first object has a potential lower than a potential of the second object. The nanoparticles may be negatively charged and may adhere to the second object, and the second object has a potential higher than a potential of the first object.

Abstract: Provided are a multilayered-coating system and a method of manufacturing the same. The multi-layered coating system includes: a layer 1 including a plurality of spherical voids with a radius a1 that are randomly distributed and separated from one another and a filler material with a refractive index n1 that is disposed in a space between the spherical voids; and subsequent layers expressed as the following word-equation, “a layer i located above a layer i?1 and including a plurality of spherical voids with a radius ai that are randomly distributed and separated from one another, and a filler material with a refractive index ni, the filler material disposed in a space between the spherical voids where i is an integer greater than 1”.

Abstract: A multi-layered coating system for reflecting infrared waves is provided. The multi-layered coating system includes a layer one positioned above a substrate, wherein the layer one includes a plurality of well separated spherical particulates of radius a1 and a plurality of well separated spherical voids of radius b1>a1 that are randomly distributed, and a filler material of refractive index n1 intervening in the spaces between said spherical particulates and spherical voids; and subsequent layers expressible as the following word-equation, “a layer i positioned above the layer i?1, wherein the layer i includes a plurality of well separated spherical particulates of radius ai and a plurality of well separated spherical voids of radius bi>ai (where bi>bi?1) that are randomly distributed, and a filler material of refractive index ni intervening in the spaces between said spherical particulates and spherical voids,” where integer i is greater than one.

Abstract: An electromagnetic wave generator includes first and second electrodes facing each other and spaced apart from each other; a chargeable particle disposed between the first and second electrodes; a voltage source which applies a voltage between the first and second electrodes; and an antenna electrically connected to one of the first and second electrodes and which radiates an electromagnetic wave due to induced current oscillation based on the applied voltage.

Abstract: An electromagnetic wave generator for outputting wideband electromagnetic waves, including terahertz (THz) band waves, and for controlling wavelengths of the output electromagnetic waves and an optical shutter are provided. The electromagnetic wave generator includes two electrodes that separately face each other, a chargeable particle disposed between the two electrodes, and a chamber disposed to surround the chargeable particle between the two electrodes. When DC voltages are applied to the two electrodes to generate an electric field between the two electrodes, the chargeable particle may be charged. Then, the chargeable particle reciprocates between the two electrodes to generate the electromagnetic waves. A wavelength of the output electromagnetic wave may be controlled by adjusting a potential difference between the two electrodes.

Abstract: A multi-layered coating system for reflecting infrared waves is disclosed. The multi-layered coating system comprises a layer one positioned above a substrate, wherein the layer one includes a plurality of well separated spherical particulates of radius a1 and a plurality of well separated spherical voids of radius b1>a1 that are randomly distributed, and a filler material of refractive index n1 intervening in the spaces between said spherical particulates and spherical voids; and subsequent layers expressible as the following word-equation, “a layer i positioned above the layer i?1, wherein the layer i includes a plurality of well separated spherical particulates of radius ai and a plurality of well separated spherical voids of radius bi>ai (where bi>bi?1) that are randomly distributed, and a filler material of refractive index ni intervening in the spaces between said spherical particulates and spherical voids,” where integer i is greater than one.

Abstract: An electromagnetic wave generator includes first and second electrodes facing each other and spaced apart from each other; a chargeable particle disposed between the first and second electrodes; a voltage source which applies a voltage between the first and second electrodes; and an antenna electrically connected to one of the first and second electrodes and which radiates an electromagnetic wave due to induced current oscillation based on the applied voltage.

Abstract: A friction preventing apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The apparatus includes: a first object; a second object spaced apart from the first object and facing the first object; and a plurality of charged nanoparticles provided on a surface of one of the first and second objects, such that the nanoparticles are disposed between the first object and the second object. A potential difference is formed between the first and second objects. The nanoparticles may be positively charged and may adhere to the first object, and the first object has a potential lower than a potential of the second object. The nanoparticles may be negatively charged and may adhere to the second object, and the second object has a potential higher than a potential of the first object.

Abstract: An electromagnetic wave generator for outputting wideband electromagnetic waves, including terahertz (THz) band waves, and for controlling wavelengths of the output electromagnetic waves and an optical shutter are provided. The electromagnetic wave generator includes two electrodes that separately face each other, a chargeable particle disposed between the two electrodes, and a chamber disposed to surround the chargeable particle between the two electrodes. When DC voltages are applied to the two electrodes to generate an electric field between the two electrodes, the chargeable particle may be charged. Then, the chargeable particle reciprocates between the two electrodes to generate the electromagnetic waves. A wavelength of the output electromagnetic wave may be controlled by adjusting a potential difference between the two electrodes.

Abstract: Provided are a varifocal lens having a focal length that may be electrically controlled, and an imaging apparatus including focal length. Varifocal lens includes fluid sealed between two transparent flexible layers. An upper flexible layer is supported by support plate having opening having a lens shape, and vacuum is maintained on upper flexible layer. Portion of lower flexible layer, which faces opening having a lens shape, is fixed by a fixation plate, and a chamber having a predetermined space is formed below the lower flexible layer so as to surround a portion corresponding to the opening having the lens shape. Charged particles are positioned in the chamber. In the varifocal lens, when the charged particles are moved by an electrical field generated in the chamber to compress the lower flexible layer, a lens region of the upper flexible layer protrudes in an upper direction so as to obtain refractive power.

Abstract: A method of constructing a physical lens based on depth of focus characteristics and an axially symmetric lens with an extended depth of focus constructed by the method are provided. An expression is deduced by substituting a depth of focus characteristic and a relation between vectors of arbitrary points on a lens surface into Snell's law, and partial differentiation is performed on the expression to yield a differential equation satisfied with arbitrary points on the lens surface. The differential equation is solved by, for example, numerical analysis to obtain a curve of an axially symmetric physical lens surface.

Abstract: Provided are an optical shutter including charged particles, and a display apparatus using the optical shutter. The optical shutter may block or transmit light by changing the position of the charged particle according to a direction an electrical field is applied. Also, a new type of display apparatus may be realized by using the optical shutter as a pixel of the display apparatus. The charged particles react very quickly to the change of the electrical field, and thus, a display apparatus having high operational speed may be realized.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) device that is switchable between a transmissive mode and a reflective mode is provided. The LCD device includes a backlight; an active reflective polarizer which operates as a reflector that reflects incident light or as a reflective polarizer that reflects light of a first polarization and transmits light of a second polarization perpendicular to the first polarization, based on whether a magnetic field is applied; and a liquid crystal panel that modulates incident light to form images. The liquid crystal panel includes a liquid crystal layer, a first polarizer that is disposed on a rear surface of the liquid crystal layer and faces the active reflective polarizer, and a second polarizer that is disposed on a front surface of the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: Energy harvesting devices including first nano-helixes amplifying incident electromagnetic waves, second nano-helixes inducing currents from the electromagnetic waves amplified by the first nano-helixes, and a diode rectifying induced currents generated by the second nano-helixes.

Abstract: A method of constructing a physical lens based on depth of focus characteristics and an axially symmetric lens with an extended depth of focus constructed by the method are provided. An expression is deduced by substituting a depth of focus characteristic and a relation between vectors of arbitrary points on a lens surface into Snell's law, and partial differentiation is performed on the expression to yield a differential equation satisfied with arbitrary points on the lens surface. The differential equation is solved by, for example, numerical analysis to obtain a curve of an axially symmetric physical lens surface.

Abstract: Provided are a varifocal lens having a focal length that may be electrically controlled, and an imaging apparatus including focal length. Varifocal lens includes fluid sealed between two transparent flexible layers. An upper flexible layer is supported by support plate having opening having a lens shape, and vacuum is maintained on upper flexible layer. Portion of lower flexible layer, which faces opening having a lens shape, is fixed by a fixation plate, and a chamber having a predetermined space is formed below the lower flexible layer so as to surround a portion corresponding to the opening having the lens shape. Charged particles are positioned in the chamber. In the varifocal lens, when the charged particles are moved by an electrical field generated in the chamber to compress the lower flexible layer, a lens region of the upper flexible layer protrudes in an upper direction so as to obtain refractive power.

Abstract: Provided are an optical shutter including charged particles, and a display apparatus using the optical shutter. The optical shutter may block or transmit light by changing the position of the charged particle according to a direction an electrical field is applied. Also, a new type of display apparatus may be realized by using the optical shutter as a pixel of the display apparatus. The charged particles react very quickly to the change of the electrical field, and thus, a display apparatus having high operational speed may be realized.

Abstract: Provided are an optical device, in particular, large active reflective polarizer and a liquid crystal display (LCD) employing the same. The optical device includes: a magnetic material layer having a plurality of magnetic particles and an insulating medium to substantially prevent agglomeration between the magnetic particles; and a magnetic field generating unit applying a magnetic field to the magnetic material layer.