Abstract: In a method for recovering lithium hydroxide from a lithium secondary battery, cathode powder is prepared from a cathode of the lithium secondary battery. A cathode active material mixture is prepared by mixing the cathode powder with a calcium compound. The cathode active material mixture is reduced to form a preliminary precursor mixture. A lithium precursor is recovered from the preliminary precursor mixture. Therefore, a lithium precursor can be obtained with high purity without a complicated leaching process or an additional process, which result from a wet-based acid solution process.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a catalyst for a fuel cell electrode including an active particle which includes a core comprising platinum, a transition metal excluding platinum, and an oxide of a non-transition metal; and a shell disposed on the core and including platinum, wherein the active particle includes platinum and the non-transition metal in a molar ratio of 100:1.80 to 100:4.00, a method of preparing the same, and a fuel cell including the same.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating an initial condition of a battery includes a processor configured to calculate a stabilizing time of a lithium (Li) ion concentration in the battery, select an estimation model based on the stabilizing time, and estimate the initial condition of the battery to charge the battery using the selected estimation model.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating an initial condition of a battery includes a processor configured to calculate a stabilizing time of a lithium (Li) ion concentration in the battery, select an estimation model based on the stabilizing time, and estimate the initial condition of the battery to charge the battery using the selected estimation model.