Abstract: Systems and methods are described for distributing and updating trusted certification authorities to computer systems and users. When a digital certificate is encountered during a secured electronic transaction, the root authority of the certificate is determined. It is then determined whether the root authority is a trusted authority by attempting to locate the root authority in a trusted root list. If the root authority is not included in the trusted root list, a remote site is accessed and an updated version of the trusted root list is downloaded. The new trusted root list is checked for the presence of the encountered certificate and, if found, the transaction is allowed to proceed. In one implementation, the entire trusted root list is not downloaded. Instead, if an appropriate digital certificate is located, then the certificate is downloaded and added to the trusted root list of the computer system. The transaction may then proceed.

Abstract: A method and system for allowing both operating system buffers and application program buffers to reside in expanded memory is provided. In a preferred embodiment, a page frame in conventional memory is provided through which pages in expanded memory are accessed. An application program allocates pages in expanded memory and maps pages into the page frame. An operating system also allocates pages in expanded memory. In a preferred embodiment, an application program maps its allocated pages into each page of the page frame. The application then issues a read request to read data from a file storage device into the page frame. Upon completion of the transfer from the file storage device, the operating system determines if there are system buffers that contain a more current version of the data transferred. If so, the operating system maps a system buffer into the highest page of the page frame and then transfers the more current data from the system buffer to the application buffer.