Abstract: An ice accretion apparatus comprises a column having a longitudinal axis, a side wall, and a central chamber having top and bottom ends. It also comprises a top unit which closes the top end of the chamber and includes a droplet discharge device for producing water droplets, a bottom unit which closes the bottom end of the chamber and includes a target, and chamber cooling means configured to cool the chamber during a test and thereby to cool the water droplets, whereby, in use during the test, a layer of accreted ice is built up on the target.

Abstract: Ice test devices include an ice adhesion test device. The ice adhesion test device comprises an ice adhesion test target in the form of a well in which, in use, a layer of accreted ice is built up. The target comprises a sample plate at the bottom of the well and an ice-engagement element positioned circumferentially around the sample plate and providing a side wall of the well, and wherein the sample plate is rotatable relative to the ice-engagement element. The ice adhesion test device also comprises torque means for applying a rotational torque between the sample plate and the ice-engagement element. The ice adhesion test device also comprises transducer means for, at least at a point at which the layer of accreted ice separates from the sample plate, measuring the rotational torque and/or the stress on the ice.

Abstract: An ice accretion apparatus comprises a column having a longitudinal axis, a side wall, and a central chamber having top and bottom ends. It also comprises a top unit which closes the top end of the chamber and includes a droplet discharge device for producing water droplets, a bottom unit which closes the bottom end of the chamber and includes a target, and chamber cooling means configured to cool the chamber during a test and thereby to cool the water droplets, whereby, in use during the test, a layer of accreted ice is built up on the target.

Abstract: Ice test devices include an ice adhesion test device. The ice adhesion test device comprises an ice adhesion test target in the form of a well in which, in use, a layer of accreted ice is built up. The target comprises a sample plate at the bottom of the well and an ice-engagement element positioned circumferentially around the sample plate and providing a side wall of the well, and wherein the sample plate is rotatable relative to the ice-engagement element. The ice adhesion test device also comprises torque means for applying a rotational torque between the sample plate and the ice-engagement element. The ice adhesion test device also comprises transducer means for, at least at a point at which the layer of accreted ice separates from the sample plate, measuring the rotational torque and/or the stress on the ice.