Abstract: The present disclosure describes a series of improvements to the positive active material and negative active material of electrochemical cells. In particular, the present disclosure describes improvements in the lead oxide powder, processing, and additives used to make the positive active material and negative active material for pastes used to make electrodes for lead acid batteries. The present disclosure describes materials and processing that enable the formation of positive active materials having density comparable to conventional material but with substantially higher porosity and improved mechanical properties and the formation of negative active materials using substantially shorter and less energy intensive processing.

Abstract: Components and systems for energy storage and conversion devices are disclosed. An exemplary system may include a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode for providing ionic transport. The system may also include a hydrophobic portion on the separator. The hydrophobic portion may comprise hydrophobic pathways formed on the surface of the separator. The system may also include a hydrophilic portion on the separator. Another exemplary system may include an absorptive glass mat separator having a hydrophobic portion and a textured PVC separator. An exemplary method may include manufacturing the separator and applying a hydrophobic portion on the separator. The method may also include applying a hydrophilic portion to the separator.

Abstract: An electrode and a lead-acid battery including the same are disclosed. The electrode comprises active material comprising lead and a carbon additive configured to increase a charge input of the lead-acid battery by at least 17%, relative to a negative electrode without the carbon additive.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes a series of improvements to the positive active material and negative active material of electrochemical cells. In particular, the present disclosure describes improvements in the lead oxide powder, processing, and additives used to make the positive active material and negative active material for pastes used to make electrodes for lead acid batteries. The present disclosure describes materials and processing that enable the formation of positive active materials having density comparable to conventional material but with substantially higher porosity and improved mechanical properties and the formation of negative active materials using substantially shorter and less energy intensive processing.