Abstract: A test system realizes in an English ability test, etc. not only binary correct-false evaluation but also a partial score. The test system uses a computer (101, 102) including an input/output device (207, 208) and a network (103) such as the Internet, etc., and uses a partial test score model obtained by amending the conventional Item Response Theory in estimating an item parameter and ability. In the partial test score model, a partial score is assumed to be a true-false average of a plurality of items having the same parameters. Using the test system of the present invention, a test of the presentation format which is hard to determine the correct or wrong answer such as writing and speaking tests in a foreign language test, etc. can be more easily controlled than in the conventional system.

Abstract: A test system realizes in an English ability test, etc. not only binary correct-false evaluation but also a partial score. The test system uses a computer (101, 102) including an input/output device (207, 208) and a network (103) such as the Internet, etc., and uses a partial test score model obtained by amending the conventional Item Response Theory in estimating an item parameter and ability. In the partial test score model, a partial score is assumed to be a true-false average of a plurality of items having the same parameters. Using the test system of the present invention, a test of the presentation format which is hard to determine the correct or wrong answer such as writing and speaking tests in a foreign language test, etc. can be more easily controlled than in the conventional system.

Abstract: A water repellent coating composition includes fine particles having functional groups on their surfaces and having a particle diameter ranging from 10 nm to 1 mm; a coupling agent containing (a) a functional group which is capable of reacting with the functional group of the fine particles and (b) a water repellent fluorinated group; a binder resin for binding the fine particles; and a solvent for the binder.

Abstract: A water repellent coating composition comprises a fluororesin powder having a specific surface area ranging from 27 to 48 m.sup.2 /g and a molecular weight ranging from 10,000 to 100,000; an acrylic-silicone binder resin; and a solvent. The fluororesin may be preferably at least one resin selected from polytetrafluoroethylene resins, tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) copolymer resins, and tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymer resins. The coating composition can be used in various fields including constructions, civil engineering, transportation, communication. The coating films and coated articles produced with the water repellent coating composition exhibit excellent water repellency, antisnow- or antiice-sticking properties, and weatherability.