Abstract: Systems and methods for charged particle detection using a charged particle detector in a charged-particle beam apparatus are disclosed. The apparatus may include a charged-particle detector comprising a substrate. The substrate may comprise a plurality of sensing elements configured to receive a plurality of charged particles generated from a sample. Each of the plurality of sensing elements comprises a first device configured to detect a charged particle of the plurality of charged particles having an energy equal to or below a first threshold and allow a charged particle of the plurality of charged particles having an energy greater than the first threshold to pass through. The sensing element further comprises a second device configured to detect the charged particle that is allowed to pass through the first device.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods include a detector including a plurality of detection elements configured to generate an electrical signal in response to a particle being incident on a detection element of the plurality of detection elements; a plurality of current sources configured to drive a current in response to the electrical signal, outputs of the plurality of current sources being connected to enable combining current output by the plurality of current sources to create a combined current, the plurality of current sources being connected to respective ones of the plurality of detection elements; and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) configured to convert the combined current to a digital value that is indicative of the electrical signals output by the plurality of detection elements.

Abstract: Detectors and methods of detecting radiation are disclosed. In one arrangement, a plurality of pixel elements is provided. The pixel elements include respective pixel substrates, collection electrodes and readout circuits. The pixel substrates are configured such that impingement of target radiation on the pixel substrates generates charge carriers in the pixel substrates. The readout circuits are configured to provide an output responsive to collection of the charge carriers by the respective collection electrodes. A control system implements a plurality of selectable resolution modes by controlling potentials applied to control electrodes and the collection electrodes to define a corresponding plurality of mappings between the pixel substrates in which charge carriers are generated and the collection electrodes that collect those charge carriers.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for testing the sterility of radioactive substances, to the use of the system for testing the sterility of radioactive substances, preferably radioactive pharmaceuticals and/or diagnostic agents, and to a method for testing the sterility of radioactive substances, wherein the system comprises an isolator (8) having a device for membrane filtration (9) and a filter bottle (1) surrounding the shield (5) against ionising radiation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for testing the sterility of radioactive substances, to the use of the system for testing the sterility of radioactive substances, preferably radioactive pharmaceuticals and/or diagnostic agents, and to a method for testing the sterility of radioactive substances, wherein the system comprises an isolator (8) having a device for membrane filtration (9) and a filter bottle (1) surrounding the shield (5) against ionising radiation.

Abstract: An adapter rail system for mounting objects to a floor rail in a vehicle includes an elongate adapter rail element, an arresting element and a movement rail element. The adapter rail element has a surface contour having regularly consecutively arranged neckings and widenings, which surface contour corresponds to an opening contour of a floor rail, which includes regularly consecutively arranged grid openings, which are penetrated by a slit. The adapter rail element has protrusions extending perpendicular to the plane spanned by the surface contour and are each arranged in the region of a necking. The arresting element has a surface contour corresponding to the opening contour of at least one grid opening. The arresting element is dimensioned to be flush between two adjacent protrusions of the adapter rail element onto the adapter rail element. The movement rail element is connectable with the protrusions of the adapter rail element.

Abstract: An adapter rail system for mounting objects to a floor rail in a transportation means includes an elongate adapter rail element, an arresting element and a movement rail element. The adapter rail element has a surface contour having regularly consecutively arranged neckings and widenings, which surface contour corresponds to an opening contour of a floor rail, which includes regularly consecutively arranged grid openings, which are penetrated by a slit. The adapter rail element has protrusions extending perpendicular to the plane spanned by the surface contour and are each arranged in the region of a necking. The arresting element has a surface contour corresponding to the opening contour of at least one grid opening. The arresting element is dimensioned to be flush between two adjacent protrusions of the adapter rail element onto the adapter rail element. The movement rail element is connectable with the protrusions of the adapter rail element.