Abstract: A method is provided for constructing a histogram to represent the root-mean-squared phase differences for a signal received at pairs of elements in an array. A pair-wise element phase difference (“PEP”) between a signal received at an angle of arrival ?1 and a signal received at an angle of arrival ?2 are determined. The difference ?? between the differential phase measurements at ?1 and ?2 is computed. The process is repeated for all unique pairs of angles (?1, ?2) from 0 to 359 degrees and the results are summed over all PEPs to calculate the root mean squared phase difference ?{square root over (??2(?1,?2))} between two different angles of arrival ?1 and ?2. A two-dimensional histogram is created by pairing the measurements ?{square root over (??2)} and ??, where ??=?2??1.

Abstract: A sparsely populated array of antenna elements on a plane is provided such that the angle of arrival (AoA) measurement for a radiofrequency signal received by the array has high resolution and is non-ambiguous within a 360-degree azimuthal field of view. The array comprises a two-dimensional antenna array developed using fuzzy genetic logic based on specified criteria. In response to one specified set of criteria, the array comprises having a first large element formation combined with a second smaller element formation. The first large element formation supports high DF accuracy while the second smaller cluster facilitates ambiguity resolution.

Abstract: A method is provided for constructing a histogram to represent the root-mean-squared phase differences for a signal received at pairs of elements in an array. A pair-wise element phase difference (“PEP”) between a signal received at an angle of arrival ?1 and a signal received at an angle of arrival ?2 are determined. The difference ?? between the differential phase measurements at ?1 and ?2 is computed. The process is repeated for all unique pairs of angles (?1, ?2) from 0 to 359 degrees and the results are summed over all PEPs to calculate the root mean squared phase difference ?{square root over (??2(?1,?2))} between two different angles of arrival ?1 and ?2. A two-dimensional histogram is created by pairing the measurements ?{square root over (??2)} and ??, where ??=?2??1.

Abstract: A sparsely populated array of antenna elements on a plane is provided such that the angle of arrival (AoA) measurement for a radiofrequency signal received by the array has high resolution and is non-ambiguous within a 360-degree azimuthal field of view. The array comprises a two-dimensional antenna array developed using fuzzy genetic logic based on specified criteria. In response to one specified set of criteria, the array comprises having a first large element formation combined with a second smaller element formation. The first large element formation supports high DF accuracy while the second smaller cluster facilitates ambiguity resolution.

Abstract: An apparatus including a genetic processor receiving a plurality of genomes, each genome of the first plurality of genomes including at least one of a device, a method, and an article of manufacture, wherein each genome comprises at least one gene, each gene comprising at least one allele; and a fuzzy logic scorer communicating with the genetic processor to score the plurality of genomes using fuzzy logic-based fitness criteria thereby obtaining a genomic score for each genome of the plurality of genomes and an average generational score. The genetic processor eliminates any genome of the plurality of genomes that has a score below a level to provide a remaining plurality of genomes and generates another plurality of genomes by mating the remaining plurality of genomes using a genetic algorithm.