Abstract: Methods for inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine release or inflammation in a vertebrate are provided. The methods comprise activating a brain muscarinic receptor of the vertebrate, or directly stimulating a vagus nerve pathway in the brain of the vertebrate. Also provided are methods for conditioning a vertebrate to inhibit the release of a pro-inflammatory cytokine or reduce inflammation in the vertebrate upon experiencing a sensory stimulus. The methods comprise (a) activating a muscarinic brain receptor or directly stimulating the vagus nerve pathway in the brain of the vertebrate and providing the sensory stimulus to the vertebrate within a time period sufficient to create an association between the stimulus and the activation of the brain muscarinic receptor; and (b) repeating step (a) at sufficient time intervals and duration to reinforce the association sufficiently for the inflammation to be reduced by the sensory stimulus alone.

Abstract: Methods for inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine release or inflammation in a vertebrate are provided. The methods comprise activating a brain muscarinic receptor of the vertebrate, or directly stimulating a vagus nerve pathway in the brain of the vertebrate. Also provided are methods for conditioning a vertebrate to inhibit the release of a pro-inflammatory cytokine or reduce inflammation in the vertebrate upon experiencing a sensory stimulus. The methods comprise (a) activating a muscarinic brain receptor or directly stimulating the vagus nerve pathway in the brain of the vertebrate and providing the sensory stimulus to the vertebrate within a time period sufficient to create an association between the stimulus and the activation of the brain muscarinic receptor; and (b) repeating step (a) at sufficient time intervals and duration to reinforce the association sufficiently for the inflammation to be reduced by the sensory stimulus alone.