Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to enabling search and extraction of data stored in DNA with optimized data structures and functions. Accordingly, systems and methods are provided herein for performing certain functions on data stored in nucleic acid molecules. The present disclosure covers at least the following areas of interest: (1) data structures to provide efficient access and search of information stored in nucleic acid molecules, (2) accurate and quick reading of information stored in nucleic acid molecules, (3) targeted approaches to accessing subsets of information stored in nucleic acid molecules, (4) a rank function that determines a count of particular bit or symbol value in a set of information stored in nucleic acid molecules, (5) functions including counting, locating, and extracting occurrences of a specific pattern in a message of information stored in nucleic acid molecules, and (6) an if-then-else operation to sort data stored in nucleic acid molecules.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses methods and systems for encoding digital information in nucleic acid (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules without base-by-base synthesis, by encoding bit-value information in the presence or absence of unique nucleic acid sequences within a pool, comprising specifying each bit location in a bit-stream with a unique nucleic sequence and specifying the bit value at that location by the presence or absence of the corresponding unique nucleic acid sequence in the pool. Also disclosed are chemical methods for generating unique nucleic acid sequences using combinatorial genomic strategies (e.g., assembly of multiple nucleic acid sequences or enzymatic-based editing of nucleic acid sequences).

Abstract: Methods and systems for encoding digital information in nucleic acid (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules without base-by-base synthesis, by encoding bit-value information in the presence or absence of unique nucleic acid sequences within a pool, comprising specifying each bit location in a bit-stream with a unique nucleic sequence and specifying the bit value at that location by the presence or absence of the corresponding unique nucleic acid sequence in the pool. But, more generally, specifying unique bytes in a bytestream by unique subsets of nucleic acid sequences. Also disclosed are methods for generating unique nucleic acid sequences without base-by-base synthesis using combinatorial genomic strategies (e.g., assembly of multiple nucleic acid sequences or enzymatic-based editing of nucleic acid sequences).

Abstract: Methods and systems for encoding digital information in nucleic acid (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules without base-by-base synthesis, by encoding bit-value information in the presence or absence of unique nucleic acid sequences within a pool, comprising specifying each bit location in a bit-stream with a unique nucleic sequence and specifying the bit value at that location by the presence or absence of the corresponding unique nucleic acid sequence in the pool But, more generally, specifying unique bytes in a bytestream by unique subsets of nucleic acid sequences. Also disclosed are methods for generating unique nucleic acid sequences without base-by-base synthesis using combinatorial genomic strategies (e.g., assembly of multiple nucleic acid sequences or enzymatic-based editing of nucleic acid sequences).

Abstract: Methods and systems for encoding digital information in nucleic acid (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules without base-by-base synthesis, by encoding bit-value information in the presence or absence of unique nucleic acid sequences within a pool, comprising specifying each bit location in a bit-stream with a unique nucleic sequence and specifying the bit value at that location by the presence or absence of the corresponding unique nucleic acid sequence in the pool. But, more generally, specifying unique bytes in a bytestream by unique subsets of nucleic acid sequences. Also disclosed are methods for generating unique nucleic acid sequences without base-by-base synthesis using combinatorial genomic strategies (e.g., assembly of multiple nucleic acid sequences or enzymatic-based editing of nucleic acid sequences).

Abstract: Methods and systems for encoding digital information in nucleic acid (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules without base-by-base synthesis, by encoding bit-value information in the presence or absence of unique nucleic acid sequences within a pool, comprising specifying each bit location in a bit-stream with a unique nucleic sequence and specifying the bit value at that location by the presence or absence of the corresponding unique nucleic acid sequence in the pool. But, more generally, specifying unique bytes in a bytestream by unique subsets of nucleic acid sequences. Also disclosed are methods for generating unique nucleic acid sequences without base-by-base synthesis using combinatorial genomic strategies (e.g., assembly of multiple nucleic acid sequences or enzymatic-based editing of nucleic acid sequences).

Abstract: The systems, devices, and methods described herein provide nucleic acid digital data storage encoding and retrieving methods that are less costly and easier to commercially implement than existing methods. The systems, devices, and methods described herein provide scalable methods for writing data to and reading data from nucleic acid molecules. The present disclosure covers five primary areas of interest: (1) writing digital information into nucleic acid molecules, (2) accurately and quickly reading information stored in nucleic acid molecules, (3) partitioning data to efficiently encode data in nucleic acid molecules, (4) error protection and correction when encoding data in nucleic acid molecules, and (5) data structures to provide efficient access to information stored in nucleic acid molecules.

Abstract: Technologies for integrating DNA storage and DNA computing with blockchain technologies, specifically non-centralized ledgers and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Some implementations of these technologies are systems and methods that store blockchain keys in DNA molecules. Some implementations of these technologies are systems and methods that store NFT information e.g., for asset tokenization. The technologies disclosed herein can also be deployed to implement a biological blockchain.

Abstract: Methods and systems for security, authentication, tagging, and tracking using nucleic acid (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules encoding information. Unique nucleic acid molecules are efficiently produced from pre-fabricated fragments to quickly produce libraries of nucleic acid molecules encoding encrypted or randomized information. Physical objects or artifacts can be tagged with libraries to authenticate the objects, grant access to secured assets or locations, or track the objects or entities. Chemical methods can be applied to verify authenticity, decrypt, or decode information stored in the libraries.

Abstract: Methods and systems for encoding digital information in nucleic acid (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules without base-by-base synthesis, by encoding bit-value information in the presence or absence of unique nucleic acid sequences within a pool, comprising specifying each bit location in a bit-stream with a unique nucleic sequence and specifying the bit value at that location by the presence or absence of the corresponding unique nucleic acid sequence in the pool, but, more generally, specifying unique bytes in a bytestream by unique subsets of nucleic acid sequences. Also disclosed are methods for generating unique nucleic acid sequences without base-by-base synthesis using combinatorial genomic strategies (e.g., assembly of multiple nucleic acid sequences or enzymatic-based editing of nucleic acid sequences).

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to enabling search and extraction of data stored in DNA with optimized data structures and functions. Accordingly, systems and methods are provided herein for performing certain functions on data stored in nucleic acid molecules. The present disclosure covers at least the following areas of interest: (1) data structures to provide efficient access and search of information stored in nucleic acid molecules, (2) accurate and quick reading of information stored in nucleic acid molecules, (3) targeted approaches to accessing subsets of information stored in nucleic acid molecules, (4) a rank function that determines a count of particular bit or symbol value in a set of information stored in nucleic acid molecules, (5) functions including counting, locating, and extracting occurrences of a specific pattern in a message of information stored in nucleic acid molecules, and (6) an if-then-else operation to sort data stored in nucleic acid molecules.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided herein for encoding and storing information in nucleic acids. Encoded information is partitioned and stored in nucleic acids having native key-value pairs that allow for storage of metadata or other data objects. Computation on the encoded information is performed by chemical implementation of if-then-else operations. Numerical data is stored in nucleic acids by producing samples having nucleic acid sequences copy counts corresponding to the numerical data. Data objects of a dataset are encoded by partitioning of bytes into parts and encoding of parts along distinct libraries of nucleic acids. These libraries can be used as inputs for computation on the dataset.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses methods and systems for encoding digital information in nucleic acid (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules without base-by-base synthesis, by encoding bit-value information in the presence or absence of unique nucleic acid sequences within a pool, comprising specifying each bit location in a bit-stream with a unique nucleic sequence and specifying the bit value at that location by the presence or absence of the corresponding unique nucleic acid sequence in the pool. Also disclosed are chemical methods for generating unique nucleic acid sequences using combinatorial genomic strategies (e.g., assembly of multiple nucleic acid sequences or enzymatic-based editing of nucleic acid sequences).

Abstract: Methods and systems for security, authentication, tagging, and tracking using nucleic acid (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules encoding information. Unique nucleic acid molecules are efficiently produced from pre-fabricated fragments to quickly produce libraries of nucleic acid molecules encoding encrypted or randomized information. Physical objects or artifacts can be tagged with libraries to authenticate the objects, grant access to secured assets or locations, or track the objects or entities. Chemical methods can be applied to verify authenticity, decrypt, or decode information stored in the libraries.

Abstract: Methods and systems for encoding digital information in nucleic acid (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules without base-by-base synthesis, by encoding bit-value information in the presence or absence of unique nucleic acid sequences within a pool, comprising specifying each bit location in a bit-stream with a unique nucleic sequence and specifying the bit value at that location by the presence or absence of the corresponding unique nucleic acid sequence in the pool But, more generally, specifying unique bytes in a bytestream by unique subsets of nucleic acid sequences. Also disclosed are methods for generating unique nucleic acid sequences without base-by-base synthesis using combinatorial genomic strategies (e.g., assembly of multiple nucleic acid sequences or enzymatic-based editing of nucleic acid sequences).

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided herein for encoding and storing information in nucleic acids. Encoded information is partitioned and stored in nucleic acids having native key-value pairs that allow for storage of metadata or other data objects. Computation on the encoded information is performed by chemical implementation of if-then-else operations. Numerical data is stored in nucleic acids by producing samples having nucleic acid sequences copy counts corresponding to the numerical data. Data objects of a dataset are encoded by partitioning of bytes into parts and encoding of parts along distinct libraries of nucleic acids. These libraries can be used as inputs for computation on the dataset.

Abstract: Provided herein are systems and methods for storing digital information by assembling an identifier nucleic acid molecule from at least a first component nucleic acid molecule and a second component nucleic acid molecule. The system may include a first printhead configured to dispense a first droplet of a first solution comprising the first component nucleic acid molecule onto a coordinate on a substrate, and a second printhead configured to dispense a second droplet of a second solution comprising the second component nucleic acid molecule onto the coordinate on the substrate, such that the first and second component nucleic acid molecules are collocated on the substrate. The system may include a finisher that dispenses a reaction mix onto the coordinate on the substrate to physically link the first and second component nucleic acid molecules, provides a condition necessary to physically link the first and second component nucleic acid molecules, or both.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses methods and systems for encoding digital information in nucleic acid (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules without base-by-base synthesis, by encoding bit-value information in the presence or absence of unique nucleic acid sequences within a pool, comprising specifying each bit location in a bit-stream with a unique nucleic sequence and specifying the bit value at that location by the presence or absence of the corresponding unique nucleic acid sequence in the pool. Also disclosed are chemical methods for generating unique nucleic acid sequences using combinatorial genomic strategies (e.g., assembly of multiple nucleic acid sequences or enzymatic-based editing of nucleic acid sequences).

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for storing digital information into nucleic acid molecules in various ways. Digital information may be received as a sting of symbols, wherein each symbol in the string of symbols has a symbol value and a symbol position within the string of symbols. A first identifier nucleic acid molecule may be formed by depositing M selected component nucleic acid molecules into a compartment, the M selected component nucleic acid molecules being selected from a set of distinct component nucleic acid molecules that are separated into M different layers, and physically assembling the M selected component nucleic acid molecules. A plurality of identifier nucleic acid molecules may be formed, each corresponding to a respective symbol position. The identifier nucleic acid molecules may be formed in a pool having powder, liquid, or solid form.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided herein for encoding and storing information in nucleic acids. Encoded information is partitioned and stored in nucleic acids having native key-value pairs that allow for storage of metadata or other data objects. Computation on the encoded information is performed by chemical implementation of if-then-else operations. Numerical data is stored in nucleic acids by producing samples having nucleic acid sequences copy counts corresponding to the numerical data. Data objects of a dataset are encoded by partitioning of bytes into parts and encoding of parts along distinct libraries of nucleic acids. These libraries can be used as inputs for computation on the dataset.