Abstract: A compressed gas energy storage system to provide isothermal compression/expansion for energy storage includes a housing defining an envelope including an internal volume; a phase change material (PCM) partially filling the internal volume; a dendritic (hierarchical) gas flow path through the PCM; and a piston driven by a drive mechanism and that moves relative to the PCM within the housing.

Abstract: A battery module is provided. The battery module may comprise a first battery cell of a plurality of battery cells, a second battery cell of the plurality of battery cells, and a heat transfer insert. The heat transfer insert is inserted between the first battery cell and the second battery cell, and is configured to thermally conduct heat from the first battery cells and the second battery cell. The battery module may further comprise a cold plate, coupled to the first heat transfer insert. The cold plate may be configured to transfer the heat from the heat transfer insert to an exterior environment of the battery module.

Abstract: A compressed gas energy storage system to provide isothermal compression/expansion for energy storage includes a housing defining an envelope including an internal volume; a phase change material (PCM) partially filling the internal volume; a dendritic (hierarchical) gas flow path through the PCM; and a piston driven by a drive mechanism and that moves relative to the PCM within the housing.